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Martin Gotthardt
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Martin P Béhé
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Meike L Schipper
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Marc Kalinowski
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Rudolf Arnold
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Wim J G Oyen
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Thomas M Behr
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Gastrin receptor scintigraphy (GRS) is a new imaging method primarily developed for the detection of metastases of medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC). As gastrin-binding CCK2 receptors are also expressed on a variety of other neuroendocrine tumours (NET), we compared GRS to somatostatin receptor scintigraphy (SRS) in patients with NET. SRS and GRS were performed within 21 days in a series of 60 consecutive patients with NET. GRS was directly compared with SRS. If lesions were visible on GRS but not detectable by SRS, other imaging modalities (MRI, CT) and follow-up were used for verification. Of the 60 evaluable patients, 51 had carcinoid tumours, 3 gastrinomas, 2 glucagonomas, 1 insulinoma and 3 paragangliomas. The overall tumour-detection rate was 73.7% for GRS and 82.1% for SRS. In the 11 patients with negative SRS, GRS was positive in 6 (54.5%). Based on the number of tumour sites detected and the degree of uptake, GRS performed better than SRS in 13 patients (21.7%), equivalent images were obtained in 18 cases (30.0%) and SRS performed better in 24 (40.0%) cases. In six of the SRS positive patients, 18 additional sites of tumour involvement could be detected. Overall, GRS detected additional tumour sites in 20% of the patients. Localisation of the primary tumours or their functional status had no influence on the outcome of imaging. GRS should be performed in selected patients as it may provide additional information in patients with NET with equivocal or absent somatostatin uptake.

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Larry K Kvols
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Kjell E Oberg H Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Department of Endocrine Oncology, Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, Novartis Pharmaceuticals, Erasmus Medical Center, Philipps‐Universität, Novartis Pharma AG, Division of Medical Oncology, Universitätsklinikum Charité, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, Florida 33612, USA

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Thomas M O'Dorisio H Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Department of Endocrine Oncology, Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, Novartis Pharmaceuticals, Erasmus Medical Center, Philipps‐Universität, Novartis Pharma AG, Division of Medical Oncology, Universitätsklinikum Charité, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, Florida 33612, USA

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Pharis Mohideen H Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Department of Endocrine Oncology, Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, Novartis Pharmaceuticals, Erasmus Medical Center, Philipps‐Universität, Novartis Pharma AG, Division of Medical Oncology, Universitätsklinikum Charité, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, Florida 33612, USA

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Wouter W de Herder H Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Department of Endocrine Oncology, Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, Novartis Pharmaceuticals, Erasmus Medical Center, Philipps‐Universität, Novartis Pharma AG, Division of Medical Oncology, Universitätsklinikum Charité, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, Florida 33612, USA

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Rudolf Arnold H Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Department of Endocrine Oncology, Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, Novartis Pharmaceuticals, Erasmus Medical Center, Philipps‐Universität, Novartis Pharma AG, Division of Medical Oncology, Universitätsklinikum Charité, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, Florida 33612, USA

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Ke Hu H Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Department of Endocrine Oncology, Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, Novartis Pharmaceuticals, Erasmus Medical Center, Philipps‐Universität, Novartis Pharma AG, Division of Medical Oncology, Universitätsklinikum Charité, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, Florida 33612, USA

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Yilong Zhang H Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Department of Endocrine Oncology, Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, Novartis Pharmaceuticals, Erasmus Medical Center, Philipps‐Universität, Novartis Pharma AG, Division of Medical Oncology, Universitätsklinikum Charité, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, Florida 33612, USA

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Gareth Hughes H Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Department of Endocrine Oncology, Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, Novartis Pharmaceuticals, Erasmus Medical Center, Philipps‐Universität, Novartis Pharma AG, Division of Medical Oncology, Universitätsklinikum Charité, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, Florida 33612, USA

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Lowell Anthony H Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Department of Endocrine Oncology, Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, Novartis Pharmaceuticals, Erasmus Medical Center, Philipps‐Universität, Novartis Pharma AG, Division of Medical Oncology, Universitätsklinikum Charité, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, Florida 33612, USA

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Bertram Wiedenmann H Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Department of Endocrine Oncology, Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, Novartis Pharmaceuticals, Erasmus Medical Center, Philipps‐Universität, Novartis Pharma AG, Division of Medical Oncology, Universitätsklinikum Charité, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, Florida 33612, USA

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Pasireotide (SOM230) is a novel multireceptor-targeted somatostatin (sst) analog with high binding affinity for sst receptor subtype 1, 2, 3 (sst1,2,3) and sst5. Because of this binding profile, pasireotide may offer symptom control in patients with neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) and carcinoid syndrome no longer responsive to octreotide LAR. This was a phase II, open-label, multicenter study of pasireotide in patients with advanced NET whose symptoms of carcinoid syndrome (diarrhea/flushing) were inadequately controlled by octreotide LAR. Patients received s.c. pasireotide 150 μg twice daily (bid), escalated to a maximum dose of 1200 μg bid until a clinical response was achieved. Forty-four patients were evaluated for efficacy and 45 for tolerability. Pasireotide 600–900 μg s.c. bid effectively controlled the symptoms of diarrhea and flushing in 27% of patients. Evaluation of tumor response in 23 patients showed 13 with stable disease and ten with progressive disease at study end. The most common drug-related adverse events were nausea (27%), abdominal pain (20%), weight loss (20%), and hyperglycemia (16%) and most were of mild or moderate severity. Pasireotide 600–900 μg s.c. bid was effective and generally well tolerated in controlling the symptoms of carcinoid syndrome in 27% of patients with advanced NET refractory or resistant to octreotide LAR therapy.

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Nele Garbrecht
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Martin Anlauf
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Anja Schmitt Department of Pathology, Department of Pathology, Department of General, Department of Gastroenterology and Endocrinology, Department of Endocrinology, Department of General and Abdominal Surgery, Department of Gastroenterology and Endocrinology, Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Department of Pathology, Institute of Pathology, University of Kiel, Michaelisstr. 11, 24105 Kiel, Germany

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Tobias Henopp
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Bence Sipos
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Andreas Raffel Department of Pathology, Department of Pathology, Department of General, Department of Gastroenterology and Endocrinology, Department of Endocrinology, Department of General and Abdominal Surgery, Department of Gastroenterology and Endocrinology, Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Department of Pathology, Institute of Pathology, University of Kiel, Michaelisstr. 11, 24105 Kiel, Germany

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Claus F Eisenberger Department of Pathology, Department of Pathology, Department of General, Department of Gastroenterology and Endocrinology, Department of Endocrinology, Department of General and Abdominal Surgery, Department of Gastroenterology and Endocrinology, Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Department of Pathology, Institute of Pathology, University of Kiel, Michaelisstr. 11, 24105 Kiel, Germany

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Wolfram T Knoefel Department of Pathology, Department of Pathology, Department of General, Department of Gastroenterology and Endocrinology, Department of Endocrinology, Department of General and Abdominal Surgery, Department of Gastroenterology and Endocrinology, Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Department of Pathology, Institute of Pathology, University of Kiel, Michaelisstr. 11, 24105 Kiel, Germany

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Marianne Pavel Department of Pathology, Department of Pathology, Department of General, Department of Gastroenterology and Endocrinology, Department of Endocrinology, Department of General and Abdominal Surgery, Department of Gastroenterology and Endocrinology, Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Department of Pathology, Institute of Pathology, University of Kiel, Michaelisstr. 11, 24105 Kiel, Germany

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Christian Fottner Department of Pathology, Department of Pathology, Department of General, Department of Gastroenterology and Endocrinology, Department of Endocrinology, Department of General and Abdominal Surgery, Department of Gastroenterology and Endocrinology, Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Department of Pathology, Institute of Pathology, University of Kiel, Michaelisstr. 11, 24105 Kiel, Germany

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Thomas J Musholt Department of Pathology, Department of Pathology, Department of General, Department of Gastroenterology and Endocrinology, Department of Endocrinology, Department of General and Abdominal Surgery, Department of Gastroenterology and Endocrinology, Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Department of Pathology, Institute of Pathology, University of Kiel, Michaelisstr. 11, 24105 Kiel, Germany

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Anja Rinke Department of Pathology, Department of Pathology, Department of General, Department of Gastroenterology and Endocrinology, Department of Endocrinology, Department of General and Abdominal Surgery, Department of Gastroenterology and Endocrinology, Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Department of Pathology, Institute of Pathology, University of Kiel, Michaelisstr. 11, 24105 Kiel, Germany

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Rudolf Arnold Department of Pathology, Department of Pathology, Department of General, Department of Gastroenterology and Endocrinology, Department of Endocrinology, Department of General and Abdominal Surgery, Department of Gastroenterology and Endocrinology, Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Department of Pathology, Institute of Pathology, University of Kiel, Michaelisstr. 11, 24105 Kiel, Germany

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Uta Berndt Department of Pathology, Department of Pathology, Department of General, Department of Gastroenterology and Endocrinology, Department of Endocrinology, Department of General and Abdominal Surgery, Department of Gastroenterology and Endocrinology, Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Department of Pathology, Institute of Pathology, University of Kiel, Michaelisstr. 11, 24105 Kiel, Germany

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Ursula Plöckinger Department of Pathology, Department of Pathology, Department of General, Department of Gastroenterology and Endocrinology, Department of Endocrinology, Department of General and Abdominal Surgery, Department of Gastroenterology and Endocrinology, Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Department of Pathology, Institute of Pathology, University of Kiel, Michaelisstr. 11, 24105 Kiel, Germany

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Bertram Wiedenmann Department of Pathology, Department of Pathology, Department of General, Department of Gastroenterology and Endocrinology, Department of Endocrinology, Department of General and Abdominal Surgery, Department of Gastroenterology and Endocrinology, Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Department of Pathology, Institute of Pathology, University of Kiel, Michaelisstr. 11, 24105 Kiel, Germany

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Holger Moch Department of Pathology, Department of Pathology, Department of General, Department of Gastroenterology and Endocrinology, Department of Endocrinology, Department of General and Abdominal Surgery, Department of Gastroenterology and Endocrinology, Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Department of Pathology, Institute of Pathology, University of Kiel, Michaelisstr. 11, 24105 Kiel, Germany

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Philipp U Heitz Department of Pathology, Department of Pathology, Department of General, Department of Gastroenterology and Endocrinology, Department of Endocrinology, Department of General and Abdominal Surgery, Department of Gastroenterology and Endocrinology, Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Department of Pathology, Institute of Pathology, University of Kiel, Michaelisstr. 11, 24105 Kiel, Germany

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Paul Komminoth Department of Pathology, Department of Pathology, Department of General, Department of Gastroenterology and Endocrinology, Department of Endocrinology, Department of General and Abdominal Surgery, Department of Gastroenterology and Endocrinology, Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Department of Pathology, Institute of Pathology, University of Kiel, Michaelisstr. 11, 24105 Kiel, Germany
Department of Pathology, Department of Pathology, Department of General, Department of Gastroenterology and Endocrinology, Department of Endocrinology, Department of General and Abdominal Surgery, Department of Gastroenterology and Endocrinology, Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Department of Pathology, Institute of Pathology, University of Kiel, Michaelisstr. 11, 24105 Kiel, Germany

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Aurel Perren Department of Pathology, Department of Pathology, Department of General, Department of Gastroenterology and Endocrinology, Department of Endocrinology, Department of General and Abdominal Surgery, Department of Gastroenterology and Endocrinology, Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Department of Pathology, Institute of Pathology, University of Kiel, Michaelisstr. 11, 24105 Kiel, Germany
Department of Pathology, Department of Pathology, Department of General, Department of Gastroenterology and Endocrinology, Department of Endocrinology, Department of General and Abdominal Surgery, Department of Gastroenterology and Endocrinology, Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Department of Pathology, Institute of Pathology, University of Kiel, Michaelisstr. 11, 24105 Kiel, Germany

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Günter Klöppel
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Somatostatin-producing neuroendocrine tumors (SOM-NETs) of the duodenum and pancreas appear to be heterogeneous. To determine their clinicopathological profiles, respective data were analyzed on a series of 82 duodenal and 541 pancreatic NETs. In addition, the clinical records of 821 patients with duodenal or pancreatic NETs were reviewed for evidence of a somatostatinoma syndrome. Predominant or exclusive expression of somatostatin was found in 21 (26%) duodenal and 21 (4%) pancreatic NETs. They were classified as sporadic (n=31) or neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1)-associated duodenal NETs (n=3), gangliocytic paragangliomas (GCPGs; n=6), or poorly differentiated neuroendocrine carcinomas (pdNECs; n=2). In addition, five duodenal and four pancreatic SOM-NETs were found in five patients with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1). Metastases occurred in 13 (43%) patients with sporadic or NF1-associated SOM-NETs, but in none of the duodenal or pancreatic MEN1-associated SOM-NETs or GCPGs. Sporadic advanced (stage IV) SOM-NETs were more commonly detected in the pancreas than in the duodenum. None of the patients (including the 821 patients for whom only the clinical records were reviewed) fulfilled the criteria of a somatostatinoma syndrome. Our data show that somatostatin expression is not only seen in sporadic NETs but may also occur in GCPGs, pdNECs, and hereditary NETs. Surgical treatment is effective in most duodenal and many pancreatic SOM-NETs. MEN1-associated SOM-NETs and GCPGs follow a benign course, while somatostatin-producing pdNECs are aggressive neoplasms. The occurrence of the so-called somatostatinoma syndrome appears to be extremely uncommon.

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