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Department of Immunology, Manitoba Institute of Cell Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, University of Manitoba, 471 Apotex Centre 750 McDermot Avenue, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3E 0T5
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Department of Immunology, Manitoba Institute of Cell Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, University of Manitoba, 471 Apotex Centre 750 McDermot Avenue, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3E 0T5
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Department of Immunology, Manitoba Institute of Cell Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, University of Manitoba, 471 Apotex Centre 750 McDermot Avenue, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3E 0T5
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Department of Immunology, Manitoba Institute of Cell Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, University of Manitoba, 471 Apotex Centre 750 McDermot Avenue, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3E 0T5
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Department of Immunology, Manitoba Institute of Cell Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, University of Manitoba, 471 Apotex Centre 750 McDermot Avenue, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3E 0T5
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Introduction Estrogen signaling through estrogen receptor α (ERα) is pivotal to the survival and maintenance of ERα + breast cancer tumors. Furthermore, the estrogen–ERα signaling axis has been shown to be indispensable to mammary gland development
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Cancer Biology and Therapeutics Laboratory, UCD Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
Systems Biology Ireland, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
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( Carlson et al. 2014 ). Tamoxifen is a selective oestrogen receptor modulator, acting as an oestrogen receptor alpha (ERα) antagonist in the breast and as an agonist in the endometrium, increasing the risk of developing endometrial cancer ( Cohen 2004
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, Ellis 2004 ). ERα is phosphorylated on multiple amino acid residues ( Lannigan 2003 ). In general, phosphorylation of serine residues in the activation function 1 (AF-1) domain of ERα appears to influence the recruitment of coactivators, resulting in
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, The Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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Introduction Estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) is required for full mammary gland development. ERα-knockout mice have mammary glands that appear normal at birth but fail to mature. Specifically, adult ERα-knockout mice have a primitive ductal
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Introduction Estrogen receptor α (ERα) is a major growth regulator for many breast cancers and has provided an exploitable target for therapy ( Ali & Coombes 2002 ). Estrogen binding to ERα promotes conformational changes in the
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Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan, Republic of China
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the two most common endocrine treatments of ER+ breast cancer. Tamoxifen antagonizes the binding of estrogen to ERα, while AIs block estrogen biosynthesis by inhibition of aromatase, the key enzyme that converts androgens into estrogens. Clinical
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Introduction It is now clear that oestrogens play a central role in promoting breast cancer development and progression ( Ali & Coombes 2002 ). In this respect, oestrogen action is mediated through the oestrogen receptors ERα and ERβ
The Ohio State University, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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The Ohio State University, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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-dependent breast cancer, the activation of ERα ultimately leads to proliferation ( Dixon 2014 ). ER-positive breast cancers are treated with endocrine therapies that disrupt the activity of ERα ( Heldring et al . 2007 ). Unfortunately, patients develop resistance
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Introduction The role of estrogen receptor α (ERα ( ESR1 )) as a biological marker and target in breast cancer therapy is clear. ERα antagonists, such as tamoxifen, or estrogen ablation using aromatase inhibitors are efficient therapeutic approaches
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Departments of Oncology, Medicine, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, 3970 Reservoir Road NW, Research Building, Room 520A, Washington, District of Columbia 20057, USA
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Introduction Breast cancer is a heterogeneous disease consisting of four clinically relevant categories based on the expression patterns of estrogen receptor α (ERα; ESR1 ) and V-Erb-B2 avian erythroblastic leukemia viral oncogene homolog 2 ( HER2