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Eva Baxter Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia

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Karolina Windloch Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia

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Greg Kelly Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia

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Jason S Lee Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia

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Frank Gannon Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia

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Donal J Brennan UCD School of Medicine, Catherine McAuley Research Centre, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
Cancer Biology and Therapeutics Laboratory, UCD Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
Systems Biology Ireland, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland

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), SMAD3 (Abcam, ab28379), SMAD3 phospho-Ser423/425 (Abcam, ab52903) and XBP1 (Abcam, ab198999). Mouse xenograft model Six-to-seven-week-old female C.B. 17- SCID mice (Animal Resources Centre, Perth, Australia) either had a 0.72mg/pellet 90-day

Article Type:
Research Article
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1530/ERC-17-0563
Volume/Issue:
Volume 26: Issue 1
Free access
Juan Pablo Petiti Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud (INICSA), Centro de Microscopía Electrónica-Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina

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Liliana del Valle Sosa Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud (INICSA), Centro de Microscopía Electrónica-Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina

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Florencia Picech Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud (INICSA), Centro de Microscopía Electrónica-Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina

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Gabriela Deisi Moyano Crespo Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud (INICSA), Centro de Microscopía Electrónica-Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina

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Jean Zander Arevalo Rojas Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud (INICSA), Centro de Microscopía Electrónica-Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina

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Pablo Anibal Pérez Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud (INICSA), Centro de Microscopía Electrónica-Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina

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Carolina Beatriz Guido Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud (INICSA), Centro de Microscopía Electrónica-Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina

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Carolina Leimgruber Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud (INICSA), Centro de Microscopía Electrónica-Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina

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María Eugenia Sabatino Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud (INICSA), Centro de Microscopía Electrónica-Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina

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Pedro García Instituto de Radioterapia, Fundación Marie Curie, Córdoba, Argentina

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Verónica Bengio Servicio de Patología, Hospital Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina

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Francisco Roque Papalini Servicio de Neurocirugía, Hospital Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina

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Paula Estario Servicio de Endocrinología, Hospital Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina

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Celina Berhard Servicio de Patología, Clínica Reina Fabiola, Córdoba, Argentina

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Marcos Villarreal Instituto de Investigaciones en Físico-Química de Córdoba (INFIQC), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina

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Silvina Gutiérrez Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud (INICSA), Centro de Microscopía Electrónica-Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina

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Ana Lucía De Paul Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud (INICSA), Centro de Microscopía Electrónica-Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina

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Jorge Humberto Mukdsi Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud (INICSA), Centro de Microscopía Electrónica-Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina

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Alicia Inés Torres Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud (INICSA), Centro de Microscopía Electrónica-Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina

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attenuated by the MEK/ERK1/2 pathway by modulating SMAD2/3 phosphorylation ( Petiti et al . 2015 ). TGFB1 signaling is mediated by TGFB type 1 receptor (TBR1) and TBR2. Upon TGFB binding, the TBR2 receptors activate the TBR1 receptors, inducing

Article Type:
Research Article
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1530/ERC-18-0067
Volume/Issue:
Volume 25: Issue 10
Free access
Joanna E Burdette
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Teresa K Woodruff
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ActRII receptors and stimulate the phosphorylation of the type I receptor, Alk4. Alk4 phosphorylates Smads 2 and 3, which then bind to the coregulatory Smad4, and translocate into the nucleus where they regulate gene transcription. Activin was first

Article Type:
Research Article
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1677/ERC-07-0054
Volume/Issue:
Volume 14: Issue 3
Free access
Nader Hussein Université Claude Bernard Lyon, CNRS UMR5201, INSERM-INRA U418, INSERM, Groupe d'Etude Recherche, Lyon, France; Faculté de Médecine, Université Lyon 1, Lyon F-69003, France; Laboratoire Génétique Moléculaire, Signalisation et Cancer, 8 Avenue Rockefeller, Lyon F-69373, France
Université Claude Bernard Lyon, CNRS UMR5201, INSERM-INRA U418, INSERM, Groupe d'Etude Recherche, Lyon, France; Faculté de Médecine, Université Lyon 1, Lyon F-69003, France; Laboratoire Génétique Moléculaire, Signalisation et Cancer, 8 Avenue Rockefeller, Lyon F-69373, France

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JieLi Lu Université Claude Bernard Lyon, CNRS UMR5201, INSERM-INRA U418, INSERM, Groupe d'Etude Recherche, Lyon, France; Faculté de Médecine, Université Lyon 1, Lyon F-69003, France; Laboratoire Génétique Moléculaire, Signalisation et Cancer, 8 Avenue Rockefeller, Lyon F-69373, France
Université Claude Bernard Lyon, CNRS UMR5201, INSERM-INRA U418, INSERM, Groupe d'Etude Recherche, Lyon, France; Faculté de Médecine, Université Lyon 1, Lyon F-69003, France; Laboratoire Génétique Moléculaire, Signalisation et Cancer, 8 Avenue Rockefeller, Lyon F-69373, France

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Huguette Casse Université Claude Bernard Lyon, CNRS UMR5201, INSERM-INRA U418, INSERM, Groupe d'Etude Recherche, Lyon, France; Faculté de Médecine, Université Lyon 1, Lyon F-69003, France; Laboratoire Génétique Moléculaire, Signalisation et Cancer, 8 Avenue Rockefeller, Lyon F-69373, France
Université Claude Bernard Lyon, CNRS UMR5201, INSERM-INRA U418, INSERM, Groupe d'Etude Recherche, Lyon, France; Faculté de Médecine, Université Lyon 1, Lyon F-69003, France; Laboratoire Génétique Moléculaire, Signalisation et Cancer, 8 Avenue Rockefeller, Lyon F-69373, France

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Sandra Fontanière Université Claude Bernard Lyon, CNRS UMR5201, INSERM-INRA U418, INSERM, Groupe d'Etude Recherche, Lyon, France; Faculté de Médecine, Université Lyon 1, Lyon F-69003, France; Laboratoire Génétique Moléculaire, Signalisation et Cancer, 8 Avenue Rockefeller, Lyon F-69373, France
Université Claude Bernard Lyon, CNRS UMR5201, INSERM-INRA U418, INSERM, Groupe d'Etude Recherche, Lyon, France; Faculté de Médecine, Université Lyon 1, Lyon F-69003, France; Laboratoire Génétique Moléculaire, Signalisation et Cancer, 8 Avenue Rockefeller, Lyon F-69373, France

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Anne-Marie Morera Université Claude Bernard Lyon, CNRS UMR5201, INSERM-INRA U418, INSERM, Groupe d'Etude Recherche, Lyon, France; Faculté de Médecine, Université Lyon 1, Lyon F-69003, France; Laboratoire Génétique Moléculaire, Signalisation et Cancer, 8 Avenue Rockefeller, Lyon F-69373, France

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Séverine Mazaud Guittot Université Claude Bernard Lyon, CNRS UMR5201, INSERM-INRA U418, INSERM, Groupe d'Etude Recherche, Lyon, France; Faculté de Médecine, Université Lyon 1, Lyon F-69003, France; Laboratoire Génétique Moléculaire, Signalisation et Cancer, 8 Avenue Rockefeller, Lyon F-69373, France

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Alain Calender Université Claude Bernard Lyon, CNRS UMR5201, INSERM-INRA U418, INSERM, Groupe d'Etude Recherche, Lyon, France; Faculté de Médecine, Université Lyon 1, Lyon F-69003, France; Laboratoire Génétique Moléculaire, Signalisation et Cancer, 8 Avenue Rockefeller, Lyon F-69373, France
Université Claude Bernard Lyon, CNRS UMR5201, INSERM-INRA U418, INSERM, Groupe d'Etude Recherche, Lyon, France; Faculté de Médecine, Université Lyon 1, Lyon F-69003, France; Laboratoire Génétique Moléculaire, Signalisation et Cancer, 8 Avenue Rockefeller, Lyon F-69373, France
Université Claude Bernard Lyon, CNRS UMR5201, INSERM-INRA U418, INSERM, Groupe d'Etude Recherche, Lyon, France; Faculté de Médecine, Université Lyon 1, Lyon F-69003, France; Laboratoire Génétique Moléculaire, Signalisation et Cancer, 8 Avenue Rockefeller, Lyon F-69373, France

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Nathalie Di Clemente Université Claude Bernard Lyon, CNRS UMR5201, INSERM-INRA U418, INSERM, Groupe d'Etude Recherche, Lyon, France; Faculté de Médecine, Université Lyon 1, Lyon F-69003, France; Laboratoire Génétique Moléculaire, Signalisation et Cancer, 8 Avenue Rockefeller, Lyon F-69373, France

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Chang X Zhang Université Claude Bernard Lyon, CNRS UMR5201, INSERM-INRA U418, INSERM, Groupe d'Etude Recherche, Lyon, France; Faculté de Médecine, Université Lyon 1, Lyon F-69003, France; Laboratoire Génétique Moléculaire, Signalisation et Cancer, 8 Avenue Rockefeller, Lyon F-69373, France
Université Claude Bernard Lyon, CNRS UMR5201, INSERM-INRA U418, INSERM, Groupe d'Etude Recherche, Lyon, France; Faculté de Médecine, Université Lyon 1, Lyon F-69003, France; Laboratoire Génétique Moléculaire, Signalisation et Cancer, 8 Avenue Rockefeller, Lyon F-69373, France
Université Claude Bernard Lyon, CNRS UMR5201, INSERM-INRA U418, INSERM, Groupe d'Etude Recherche, Lyon, France; Faculté de Médecine, Université Lyon 1, Lyon F-69003, France; Laboratoire Génétique Moléculaire, Signalisation et Cancer, 8 Avenue Rockefeller, Lyon F-69373, France

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-β/BMP pathway, Smad1, 3 and 5, in various cell types and tissues ( Kaji et al . 2001 , Sowa et al . 2003 ), we decided to investigate whether there is a common molecular basis among LCTs developed in heterozygous Men1 mice and those found in mice with

Article Type:
Research Article
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1677/ERC-06-0046
Volume/Issue:
Volume 15: Issue 1
Free access
Xinyu Wu Department of Pathology, Arthritis and Tissue Degeneration Program, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Department of Pathology, Department of Urology, NYU Cancer Institute, New York Harbor Healthcare System, Department of Urology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA

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Shiaoching Gong Department of Pathology, Arthritis and Tissue Degeneration Program, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Department of Pathology, Department of Urology, NYU Cancer Institute, New York Harbor Healthcare System, Department of Urology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
Department of Pathology, Arthritis and Tissue Degeneration Program, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Department of Pathology, Department of Urology, NYU Cancer Institute, New York Harbor Healthcare System, Department of Urology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA

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Pradip Roy-Burman Department of Pathology, Arthritis and Tissue Degeneration Program, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Department of Pathology, Department of Urology, NYU Cancer Institute, New York Harbor Healthcare System, Department of Urology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA

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Peng Lee Department of Pathology, Arthritis and Tissue Degeneration Program, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Department of Pathology, Department of Urology, NYU Cancer Institute, New York Harbor Healthcare System, Department of Urology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
Department of Pathology, Arthritis and Tissue Degeneration Program, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Department of Pathology, Department of Urology, NYU Cancer Institute, New York Harbor Healthcare System, Department of Urology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
Department of Pathology, Arthritis and Tissue Degeneration Program, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Department of Pathology, Department of Urology, NYU Cancer Institute, New York Harbor Healthcare System, Department of Urology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
Department of Pathology, Arthritis and Tissue Degeneration Program, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Department of Pathology, Department of Urology, NYU Cancer Institute, New York Harbor Healthcare System, Department of Urology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA

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Zoran Culig Department of Pathology, Arthritis and Tissue Degeneration Program, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Department of Pathology, Department of Urology, NYU Cancer Institute, New York Harbor Healthcare System, Department of Urology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA

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. Prostate tumor growth in xenograft models Cell lines commonly used in xenograft models The most commonly used cell lines for prostate xenograft models ( Table 1 ) are LNCaP, PC3, and DU145. The LNCaP cell line is a androgen-sensitive human PCa cell line

Article Type:
Review Article
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1530/ERC-12-0285
Volume/Issue:
Volume 20: Issue 4
Free access
David Adler Department of Prostate Cancer Research

Institute of Pathology University Hospital of Bonn, Sigmund‐Freud Strasse 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany

Institute for Pathology University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland

Department of Urology St. Claraspital, Basel, Switzerland

Department of Urology University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland

Department of Urology University Hospital of Örebro, Örebro, Sweden

School of Health and Medical Sciences Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden

Center for Genomics and Transcriptomics CeGaT GmbH, Tuebingen, Germany

Clinic for Urology and Pediatric Urology University Hospital of Bonn, Sigmund‐Freud Strasse 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany

Section of Molecular Urooncology Department of Urology, School of Medicine, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
Department of Prostate Cancer Research

Institute of Pathology University Hospital of Bonn, Sigmund‐Freud Strasse 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany

Institute for Pathology University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland

Department of Urology St. Claraspital, Basel, Switzerland

Department of Urology University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland

Department of Urology University Hospital of Örebro, Örebro, Sweden

School of Health and Medical Sciences Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden

Center for Genomics and Transcriptomics CeGaT GmbH, Tuebingen, Germany

Clinic for Urology and Pediatric Urology University Hospital of Bonn, Sigmund‐Freud Strasse 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany

Section of Molecular Urooncology Department of Urology, School of Medicine, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany

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Anne Offermann Department of Prostate Cancer Research

Institute of Pathology University Hospital of Bonn, Sigmund‐Freud Strasse 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany

Institute for Pathology University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland

Department of Urology St. Claraspital, Basel, Switzerland

Department of Urology University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland

Department of Urology University Hospital of Örebro, Örebro, Sweden

School of Health and Medical Sciences Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden

Center for Genomics and Transcriptomics CeGaT GmbH, Tuebingen, Germany

Clinic for Urology and Pediatric Urology University Hospital of Bonn, Sigmund‐Freud Strasse 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany

Section of Molecular Urooncology Department of Urology, School of Medicine, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
Department of Prostate Cancer Research

Institute of Pathology University Hospital of Bonn, Sigmund‐Freud Strasse 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany

Institute for Pathology University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland

Department of Urology St. Claraspital, Basel, Switzerland

Department of Urology University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland

Department of Urology University Hospital of Örebro, Örebro, Sweden

School of Health and Medical Sciences Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden

Center for Genomics and Transcriptomics CeGaT GmbH, Tuebingen, Germany

Clinic for Urology and Pediatric Urology University Hospital of Bonn, Sigmund‐Freud Strasse 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany

Section of Molecular Urooncology Department of Urology, School of Medicine, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany

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Martin Braun Department of Prostate Cancer Research

Institute of Pathology University Hospital of Bonn, Sigmund‐Freud Strasse 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany

Institute for Pathology University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland

Department of Urology St. Claraspital, Basel, Switzerland

Department of Urology University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland

Department of Urology University Hospital of Örebro, Örebro, Sweden

School of Health and Medical Sciences Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden

Center for Genomics and Transcriptomics CeGaT GmbH, Tuebingen, Germany

Clinic for Urology and Pediatric Urology University Hospital of Bonn, Sigmund‐Freud Strasse 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany

Section of Molecular Urooncology Department of Urology, School of Medicine, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
Department of Prostate Cancer Research

Institute of Pathology University Hospital of Bonn, Sigmund‐Freud Strasse 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany

Institute for Pathology University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland

Department of Urology St. Claraspital, Basel, Switzerland

Department of Urology University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland

Department of Urology University Hospital of Örebro, Örebro, Sweden

School of Health and Medical Sciences Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden

Center for Genomics and Transcriptomics CeGaT GmbH, Tuebingen, Germany

Clinic for Urology and Pediatric Urology University Hospital of Bonn, Sigmund‐Freud Strasse 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany

Section of Molecular Urooncology Department of Urology, School of Medicine, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany

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Roopika Menon Department of Prostate Cancer Research

Institute of Pathology University Hospital of Bonn, Sigmund‐Freud Strasse 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany

Institute for Pathology University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland

Department of Urology St. Claraspital, Basel, Switzerland

Department of Urology University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland

Department of Urology University Hospital of Örebro, Örebro, Sweden

School of Health and Medical Sciences Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden

Center for Genomics and Transcriptomics CeGaT GmbH, Tuebingen, Germany

Clinic for Urology and Pediatric Urology University Hospital of Bonn, Sigmund‐Freud Strasse 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany

Section of Molecular Urooncology Department of Urology, School of Medicine, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
Department of Prostate Cancer Research

Institute of Pathology University Hospital of Bonn, Sigmund‐Freud Strasse 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany

Institute for Pathology University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland

Department of Urology St. Claraspital, Basel, Switzerland

Department of Urology University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland

Department of Urology University Hospital of Örebro, Örebro, Sweden

School of Health and Medical Sciences Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden

Center for Genomics and Transcriptomics CeGaT GmbH, Tuebingen, Germany

Clinic for Urology and Pediatric Urology University Hospital of Bonn, Sigmund‐Freud Strasse 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany

Section of Molecular Urooncology Department of Urology, School of Medicine, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany

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Isabella Syring Department of Prostate Cancer Research

Institute of Pathology University Hospital of Bonn, Sigmund‐Freud Strasse 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany

Institute for Pathology University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland

Department of Urology St. Claraspital, Basel, Switzerland

Department of Urology University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland

Department of Urology University Hospital of Örebro, Örebro, Sweden

School of Health and Medical Sciences Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden

Center for Genomics and Transcriptomics CeGaT GmbH, Tuebingen, Germany

Clinic for Urology and Pediatric Urology University Hospital of Bonn, Sigmund‐Freud Strasse 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany

Section of Molecular Urooncology Department of Urology, School of Medicine, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
Department of Prostate Cancer Research

Institute of Pathology University Hospital of Bonn, Sigmund‐Freud Strasse 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany

Institute for Pathology University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland

Department of Urology St. Claraspital, Basel, Switzerland

Department of Urology University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland

Department of Urology University Hospital of Örebro, Örebro, Sweden

School of Health and Medical Sciences Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden

Center for Genomics and Transcriptomics CeGaT GmbH, Tuebingen, Germany

Clinic for Urology and Pediatric Urology University Hospital of Bonn, Sigmund‐Freud Strasse 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany

Section of Molecular Urooncology Department of Urology, School of Medicine, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
Department of Prostate Cancer Research

Institute of Pathology University Hospital of Bonn, Sigmund‐Freud Strasse 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany

Institute for Pathology University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland

Department of Urology St. Claraspital, Basel, Switzerland

Department of Urology University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland

Department of Urology University Hospital of Örebro, Örebro, Sweden

School of Health and Medical Sciences Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden

Center for Genomics and Transcriptomics CeGaT GmbH, Tuebingen, Germany

Clinic for Urology and Pediatric Urology University Hospital of Bonn, Sigmund‐Freud Strasse 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany

Section of Molecular Urooncology Department of Urology, School of Medicine, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany

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Michael Nowak Department of Prostate Cancer Research

Institute of Pathology University Hospital of Bonn, Sigmund‐Freud Strasse 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany

Institute for Pathology University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland

Department of Urology St. Claraspital, Basel, Switzerland

Department of Urology University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland

Department of Urology University Hospital of Örebro, Örebro, Sweden

School of Health and Medical Sciences Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden

Center for Genomics and Transcriptomics CeGaT GmbH, Tuebingen, Germany

Clinic for Urology and Pediatric Urology University Hospital of Bonn, Sigmund‐Freud Strasse 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany

Section of Molecular Urooncology Department of Urology, School of Medicine, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
Department of Prostate Cancer Research

Institute of Pathology University Hospital of Bonn, Sigmund‐Freud Strasse 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany

Institute for Pathology University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland

Department of Urology St. Claraspital, Basel, Switzerland

Department of Urology University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland

Department of Urology University Hospital of Örebro, Örebro, Sweden

School of Health and Medical Sciences Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden

Center for Genomics and Transcriptomics CeGaT GmbH, Tuebingen, Germany

Clinic for Urology and Pediatric Urology University Hospital of Bonn, Sigmund‐Freud Strasse 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany

Section of Molecular Urooncology Department of Urology, School of Medicine, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany

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Rebecca Halbach Department of Prostate Cancer Research

Institute of Pathology University Hospital of Bonn, Sigmund‐Freud Strasse 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany

Institute for Pathology University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland

Department of Urology St. Claraspital, Basel, Switzerland

Department of Urology University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland

Department of Urology University Hospital of Örebro, Örebro, Sweden

School of Health and Medical Sciences Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden

Center for Genomics and Transcriptomics CeGaT GmbH, Tuebingen, Germany

Clinic for Urology and Pediatric Urology University Hospital of Bonn, Sigmund‐Freud Strasse 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany

Section of Molecular Urooncology Department of Urology, School of Medicine, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
Department of Prostate Cancer Research

Institute of Pathology University Hospital of Bonn, Sigmund‐Freud Strasse 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany

Institute for Pathology University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland

Department of Urology St. Claraspital, Basel, Switzerland

Department of Urology University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland

Department of Urology University Hospital of Örebro, Örebro, Sweden

School of Health and Medical Sciences Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden

Center for Genomics and Transcriptomics CeGaT GmbH, Tuebingen, Germany

Clinic for Urology and Pediatric Urology University Hospital of Bonn, Sigmund‐Freud Strasse 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany

Section of Molecular Urooncology Department of Urology, School of Medicine, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany

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Wenzel Vogel Department of Prostate Cancer Research

Institute of Pathology University Hospital of Bonn, Sigmund‐Freud Strasse 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany

Institute for Pathology University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland

Department of Urology St. Claraspital, Basel, Switzerland

Department of Urology University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland

Department of Urology University Hospital of Örebro, Örebro, Sweden

School of Health and Medical Sciences Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden

Center for Genomics and Transcriptomics CeGaT GmbH, Tuebingen, Germany

Clinic for Urology and Pediatric Urology University Hospital of Bonn, Sigmund‐Freud Strasse 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany

Section of Molecular Urooncology Department of Urology, School of Medicine, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
Department of Prostate Cancer Research

Institute of Pathology University Hospital of Bonn, Sigmund‐Freud Strasse 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany

Institute for Pathology University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland

Department of Urology St. Claraspital, Basel, Switzerland

Department of Urology University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland

Department of Urology University Hospital of Örebro, Örebro, Sweden

School of Health and Medical Sciences Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden

Center for Genomics and Transcriptomics CeGaT GmbH, Tuebingen, Germany

Clinic for Urology and Pediatric Urology University Hospital of Bonn, Sigmund‐Freud Strasse 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany

Section of Molecular Urooncology Department of Urology, School of Medicine, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany

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Christian Ruiz Department of Prostate Cancer Research

Institute of Pathology University Hospital of Bonn, Sigmund‐Freud Strasse 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany

Institute for Pathology University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland

Department of Urology St. Claraspital, Basel, Switzerland

Department of Urology University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland

Department of Urology University Hospital of Örebro, Örebro, Sweden

School of Health and Medical Sciences Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden

Center for Genomics and Transcriptomics CeGaT GmbH, Tuebingen, Germany

Clinic for Urology and Pediatric Urology University Hospital of Bonn, Sigmund‐Freud Strasse 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany

Section of Molecular Urooncology Department of Urology, School of Medicine, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany

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Tobias Zellweger Department of Prostate Cancer Research

Institute of Pathology University Hospital of Bonn, Sigmund‐Freud Strasse 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany

Institute for Pathology University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland

Department of Urology St. Claraspital, Basel, Switzerland

Department of Urology University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland

Department of Urology University Hospital of Örebro, Örebro, Sweden

School of Health and Medical Sciences Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden

Center for Genomics and Transcriptomics CeGaT GmbH, Tuebingen, Germany

Clinic for Urology and Pediatric Urology University Hospital of Bonn, Sigmund‐Freud Strasse 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany

Section of Molecular Urooncology Department of Urology, School of Medicine, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany

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Cyrill A Rentsch Department of Prostate Cancer Research

Institute of Pathology University Hospital of Bonn, Sigmund‐Freud Strasse 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany

Institute for Pathology University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland

Department of Urology St. Claraspital, Basel, Switzerland

Department of Urology University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland

Department of Urology University Hospital of Örebro, Örebro, Sweden

School of Health and Medical Sciences Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden

Center for Genomics and Transcriptomics CeGaT GmbH, Tuebingen, Germany

Clinic for Urology and Pediatric Urology University Hospital of Bonn, Sigmund‐Freud Strasse 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany

Section of Molecular Urooncology Department of Urology, School of Medicine, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany

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Maria Svensson Department of Prostate Cancer Research

Institute of Pathology University Hospital of Bonn, Sigmund‐Freud Strasse 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany

Institute for Pathology University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland

Department of Urology St. Claraspital, Basel, Switzerland

Department of Urology University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland

Department of Urology University Hospital of Örebro, Örebro, Sweden

School of Health and Medical Sciences Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden

Center for Genomics and Transcriptomics CeGaT GmbH, Tuebingen, Germany

Clinic for Urology and Pediatric Urology University Hospital of Bonn, Sigmund‐Freud Strasse 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany

Section of Molecular Urooncology Department of Urology, School of Medicine, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany

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Ove Andren Department of Prostate Cancer Research

Institute of Pathology University Hospital of Bonn, Sigmund‐Freud Strasse 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany

Institute for Pathology University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland

Department of Urology St. Claraspital, Basel, Switzerland

Department of Urology University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland

Department of Urology University Hospital of Örebro, Örebro, Sweden

School of Health and Medical Sciences Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden

Center for Genomics and Transcriptomics CeGaT GmbH, Tuebingen, Germany

Clinic for Urology and Pediatric Urology University Hospital of Bonn, Sigmund‐Freud Strasse 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany

Section of Molecular Urooncology Department of Urology, School of Medicine, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
Department of Prostate Cancer Research

Institute of Pathology University Hospital of Bonn, Sigmund‐Freud Strasse 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany

Institute for Pathology University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland

Department of Urology St. Claraspital, Basel, Switzerland

Department of Urology University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland

Department of Urology University Hospital of Örebro, Örebro, Sweden

School of Health and Medical Sciences Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden

Center for Genomics and Transcriptomics CeGaT GmbH, Tuebingen, Germany

Clinic for Urology and Pediatric Urology University Hospital of Bonn, Sigmund‐Freud Strasse 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany

Section of Molecular Urooncology Department of Urology, School of Medicine, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany

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Lukas Bubendorf Department of Prostate Cancer Research

Institute of Pathology University Hospital of Bonn, Sigmund‐Freud Strasse 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany

Institute for Pathology University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland

Department of Urology St. Claraspital, Basel, Switzerland

Department of Urology University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland

Department of Urology University Hospital of Örebro, Örebro, Sweden

School of Health and Medical Sciences Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden

Center for Genomics and Transcriptomics CeGaT GmbH, Tuebingen, Germany

Clinic for Urology and Pediatric Urology University Hospital of Bonn, Sigmund‐Freud Strasse 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany

Section of Molecular Urooncology Department of Urology, School of Medicine, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany

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Saskia Biskup Department of Prostate Cancer Research

Institute of Pathology University Hospital of Bonn, Sigmund‐Freud Strasse 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany

Institute for Pathology University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland

Department of Urology St. Claraspital, Basel, Switzerland

Department of Urology University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland

Department of Urology University Hospital of Örebro, Örebro, Sweden

School of Health and Medical Sciences Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden

Center for Genomics and Transcriptomics CeGaT GmbH, Tuebingen, Germany

Clinic for Urology and Pediatric Urology University Hospital of Bonn, Sigmund‐Freud Strasse 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany

Section of Molecular Urooncology Department of Urology, School of Medicine, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany

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Stefan Duensing Department of Prostate Cancer Research

Institute of Pathology University Hospital of Bonn, Sigmund‐Freud Strasse 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany

Institute for Pathology University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland

Department of Urology St. Claraspital, Basel, Switzerland

Department of Urology University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland

Department of Urology University Hospital of Örebro, Örebro, Sweden

School of Health and Medical Sciences Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden

Center for Genomics and Transcriptomics CeGaT GmbH, Tuebingen, Germany

Clinic for Urology and Pediatric Urology University Hospital of Bonn, Sigmund‐Freud Strasse 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany

Section of Molecular Urooncology Department of Urology, School of Medicine, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany

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Jutta Kirfel Department of Prostate Cancer Research

Institute of Pathology University Hospital of Bonn, Sigmund‐Freud Strasse 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany

Institute for Pathology University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland

Department of Urology St. Claraspital, Basel, Switzerland

Department of Urology University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland

Department of Urology University Hospital of Örebro, Örebro, Sweden

School of Health and Medical Sciences Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden

Center for Genomics and Transcriptomics CeGaT GmbH, Tuebingen, Germany

Clinic for Urology and Pediatric Urology University Hospital of Bonn, Sigmund‐Freud Strasse 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany

Section of Molecular Urooncology Department of Urology, School of Medicine, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany

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Sven Perner Department of Prostate Cancer Research

Institute of Pathology University Hospital of Bonn, Sigmund‐Freud Strasse 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany

Institute for Pathology University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland

Department of Urology St. Claraspital, Basel, Switzerland

Department of Urology University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland

Department of Urology University Hospital of Örebro, Örebro, Sweden

School of Health and Medical Sciences Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden

Center for Genomics and Transcriptomics CeGaT GmbH, Tuebingen, Germany

Clinic for Urology and Pediatric Urology University Hospital of Bonn, Sigmund‐Freud Strasse 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany

Section of Molecular Urooncology Department of Urology, School of Medicine, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
Department of Prostate Cancer Research

Institute of Pathology University Hospital of Bonn, Sigmund‐Freud Strasse 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany

Institute for Pathology University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland

Department of Urology St. Claraspital, Basel, Switzerland

Department of Urology University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland

Department of Urology University Hospital of Örebro, Örebro, Sweden

School of Health and Medical Sciences Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden

Center for Genomics and Transcriptomics CeGaT GmbH, Tuebingen, Germany

Clinic for Urology and Pediatric Urology University Hospital of Bonn, Sigmund‐Freud Strasse 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany

Section of Molecular Urooncology Department of Urology, School of Medicine, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany

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-phospho (S423+S425)-SMAD3 rabbit MAB (1:1000, EP823Y, Abcam, Cambridge, UK), anti-β-actin MAB (1:5000, A1978, Sigma Aldrich, St Louis, MO, USA), and anti-Vimentin rabbit monoclonal (1:1000, 3932, Cell Signaling) primary antibodies at 4 °C overnight. The

Article Type:
Research Article
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1530/ERC-14-0171
Volume/Issue:
Volume 21: Issue 4
Free access
Sonia D'Inzeo Departments of, Experimental Medicine, Molecular Medicine, Radiological Sciences, Oncology and Anatomical Pathology, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161 Rome, Italy

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Arianna Nicolussi Departments of, Experimental Medicine, Molecular Medicine, Radiological Sciences, Oncology and Anatomical Pathology, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161 Rome, Italy

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Caterina Francesca Donini Departments of, Experimental Medicine, Molecular Medicine, Radiological Sciences, Oncology and Anatomical Pathology, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161 Rome, Italy

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Massimo Zani Departments of, Experimental Medicine, Molecular Medicine, Radiological Sciences, Oncology and Anatomical Pathology, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161 Rome, Italy

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Patrizia Mancini Departments of, Experimental Medicine, Molecular Medicine, Radiological Sciences, Oncology and Anatomical Pathology, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161 Rome, Italy

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Francesco Nardi Departments of, Experimental Medicine, Molecular Medicine, Radiological Sciences, Oncology and Anatomical Pathology, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161 Rome, Italy
Departments of, Experimental Medicine, Molecular Medicine, Radiological Sciences, Oncology and Anatomical Pathology, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161 Rome, Italy

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Anna Coppa Departments of, Experimental Medicine, Molecular Medicine, Radiological Sciences, Oncology and Anatomical Pathology, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161 Rome, Italy

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1998 ). TGFβ ligands bind to heterotetrameric complexes of receptors with serine–threonine kinase activity, leading to an increase in their ability to phosphorylate receptor-regulated Smads (R-Smads). The phosphorylation of R-Smads (Smad2 and Smad3) by

Article Type:
Research Article
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1530/ERC-11-0233
Volume/Issue:
Volume 19: Issue 1
Free access
Eric Glasgow Laboratory of Cancer Genetics, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Digestive Diseases, and GI Developmental Biology, Department of Surgery, Medicine and Lombardi Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Medical/Dental Building, NW 213, 3900 Reservoir Road, NW, Washington, District of Columbia 20007, USA

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Lopa Mishra Laboratory of Cancer Genetics, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Digestive Diseases, and GI Developmental Biology, Department of Surgery, Medicine and Lombardi Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Medical/Dental Building, NW 213, 3900 Reservoir Road, NW, Washington, District of Columbia 20007, USA
Laboratory of Cancer Genetics, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Digestive Diseases, and GI Developmental Biology, Department of Surgery, Medicine and Lombardi Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Medical/Dental Building, NW 213, 3900 Reservoir Road, NW, Washington, District of Columbia 20007, USA

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) falling into three functional classes: i) receptor-activated Smads (R-Smads): Smad1, Smad2, Smad3, Smad5, and Smad8; ii) co-mediator Smads: Smad4 and Smad 10; and iii) inhibitory Smads (I-Smads): Smad6 and Smad7. Activation of the TGF-β receptor complex by

Article Type:
Research Article
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1677/ERC-07-0168
Volume/Issue:
Volume 15: Issue 1
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Christina Schug Department of Internal Medicine IV, University Hospital of Munich, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany

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Sarah Urnauer Department of Internal Medicine IV, University Hospital of Munich, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany

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Carsten Jaeckel Clinical Biochemistry Group, Department of Internal Medicine IV, University Hospital of Munich, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany

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Kathrin A Schmohl Department of Internal Medicine IV, University Hospital of Munich, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany

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Mariella Tutter Department of Internal Medicine IV, University Hospital of Munich, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany

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Katja Steiger Institute of Pathology, Klinikum Rechts der Isar der Technischen Universitaet Muenchen, Munich, Germany

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Nathalie Schwenk Department of Internal Medicine IV, University Hospital of Munich, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany

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Markus Schwaiger Department of Nuclear Medicine, Klinikum Rechts der Isar der Technischen Universitaet Muenchen, Munich, Germany

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Ernst Wagner Department of Pharmacy, Center of Drug Research, Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany

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Peter J Nelson Clinical Biochemistry Group, Department of Internal Medicine IV, University Hospital of Munich, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany

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Christine Spitzweg Department of Internal Medicine IV, University Hospital of Munich, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany

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. 1994 , Massague 1998 , Derynck et al. 2001 ). Activated SMAD2 and SMAD3 form heterotrimeric complexes with the signal mediator SMAD4. The complex translocates to the nucleus to modulate transcription of target genes. Inhibitory SMADs, such as SMAD6

Article Type:
Research Article
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1530/ERC-18-0173
Volume/Issue:
Volume 26: Issue 1
Free access
D S Saloman Tumor Growth Factor Section, Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.

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C Bianco Tumor Growth Factor Section, Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.

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A D Ebert Tumor Growth Factor Section, Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.

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N I Khan Tumor Growth Factor Section, Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.

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M De Santis Tumor Growth Factor Section, Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.

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N Normanno Tumor Growth Factor Section, Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.

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C Wechselberger Tumor Growth Factor Section, Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.

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M Seno Tumor Growth Factor Section, Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.

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K Williams Tumor Growth Factor Section, Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.

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M Sanicola Tumor Growth Factor Section, Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.

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S Foley Tumor Growth Factor Section, Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.

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W J Gullick Tumor Growth Factor Section, Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.

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G Persico Tumor Growth Factor Section, Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.

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The EGF-CFC gene family encodes a group of structurally related proteins that serve as important competence factors during early embryogenesis in Xenopus, zebrafish, mice and humans. This multigene family consists of Xenopus FRL-1, zebrafish one-eyed-pinhead (oep), mouse cripto (Cr-1) and cryptic, and human cripto (CR-1) and criptin. FRL-1, oep and mouse cripto are essential for the formation of mesoderm and endoderm and for correct establishment of the anterior/posterior axis. In addition, oep and cryptic are important for the establishment of left-right (L/R) asymmetry. In zebrafish, there is strong genetic evidence that oep functions as an obligatory co-factor for the correct signaling of a transforming growth factor-beta (TGFbeta)-related gene, nodal, during gastrulation and during L/R asymmetry development. Expression of Cr-1 and cryptic is extinguished in the embryo after day 8 of gestation except for the developing heart where Cr-1 expression is necessary for myocardial development. In the mouse, cryptic is not expressed in adult tissues whereas Cr-1 is expressed at a low level in several different tissues including the mammary gland. In the mammary gland, expression of Cr-1 in the ductal epithelial cells increases during pregnancy and lactation and immunoreactive and biologically active Cr-1 protein can be detected in human milk. Overexpression of Cr-1 in mouse mammary epithelial cells can facilitate their in vitro transformation and in vivo these Cr-1-transduced cells produce ductal hyperplasias in the mammary gland. Recombinant mouse or human cripto can enhance cell motility and branching morphogenesis in mammary epithelial cells and in some human tumor cells. These effects are accompanied by an epithelial-mesenchymal transition which is associated with a decrease in beta-catenin function and an increase in vimentin expression. Expression of cripto is increased several-fold in human colon, gastric, pancreatic and lung carcinomas and in a variety of different types of mouse and human breast carcinomas. More importantly, this increase can first be detected in premalignant lesions in some of these tissues. Although a specific receptor for the EGF-CFC proteins has not yet been identified, oep depends upon an activin-type RIIB and RIB receptor system that functions through Smad-2. Mouse and human cripto have been shown to activate a ras/raf/MAP kinase signaling pathway in mammary epithelial cells. Activation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and Akt are also important for the ability of CR-1 to stimulate cell migration and to block lactogenic hormone-induced expression of beta-casein and whey acidic protein. In mammary epithelial cells, part of these responses may depend on the ability of CR-1 to transactivate erb B-4 and/or fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 through an src-like tyrosine kinase.

Article Type:
Abstract
Volume/Issue:
Volume 7: Issue 4
Free access