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as neuroendocrine carcinoma (NEC). There is an inverse correlation between overall survival (OS) and tumor grade, with HG NEC having the worst prognosis among GEP-NEN subtypes ( Klimstra et al. 2019 ). GEP-NECs have an aggressive natural history
Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology (DIPO), University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology (DIPO), University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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Division of Gynecologic Surgery, European Institute of Oncology, IRCCS, Via Ripamonti, Milan, Italy
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Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
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Introduction High-grade neuroendocrine carcinoma of the cervix (NECC) is a rare subtype of invasive cervical carcinoma, accounting for 1.4% of all cases of cervical carcinoma and displaying an extremely aggressive biological behavior, with a
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Introduction High-grade (or poorly differentiated) gastroenteropancreatic (GEP) neuroendocrine carcinomas (NECs) are aggressive cancers with a high propensity for distant metastases. Like the more frequent pulmonary counterparts, they have
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). In the gastrointestinal and pancreatobiliary tracts, NEN are divided into well differentiated neuroendocrine tumors (NET) and poorly differentiated neuroendocrine carcinomas (NEC). NET are classified as G1, G2, and G3 based on tumor proliferation
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Departments of Nuclear Medicine and Endocrine Tumors, Digestive Oncology, Medical Oncology (Thoracic Group), Pathology, Radiology, Centre Antoine Lacassagne, Department of Urologic Oncology, Department of Endocrinology, Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Faculté de Médecine, Gustave Roussy, 114 Rue Edouard Vaillant, F-94800 Villejuif Cedex, France
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Departments of Nuclear Medicine and Endocrine Tumors, Digestive Oncology, Medical Oncology (Thoracic Group), Pathology, Radiology, Centre Antoine Lacassagne, Department of Urologic Oncology, Department of Endocrinology, Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Faculté de Médecine, Gustave Roussy, 114 Rue Edouard Vaillant, F-94800 Villejuif Cedex, France
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exhibit a very heterogeneous prognosis. Pathological differentiation or grading and TNM stage are the most important prognostic factors ( Baudin 2007 ). Poorly differentiated neuroendocrine carcinomas (NECs) are characterized by a poorer outcome when
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Laboratoire GReD, Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
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Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris Saclay, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
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Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris Saclay, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
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Introduction Neuroendocrine carcinomas (NECs) are highly malignant diseases, which can occur in all organs and are defined by a poorly differentiated morphology and high proliferative capacities testified by a high Ki-67 index ( Rindi et al
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condition due to aggressive and diffuse disease. These tumors are characterized by aggressive histological features (high Ki-67 index, extensive necrosis, and nuclear atypia) and are classified as neuroendocrine carcinomas (NECs) grade 3 according to the new
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German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
Technische Universität München, Chair of Experimental Genetics, Freising, Germany
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suppressor ( Fero et al. 1996 , Kiyokawa et al. 1996 , Nakayama et al . 1996 ). Recently, a role for p27 in the pathogenesis of neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) has emerged. A spontaneous homozygous germline frameshift mutation in Cdkn1b encoding an
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). Tumor formation occurs in the neuroendocrine organs where constitutively activated RET is expressed. Although neuroendocrine carcinoma (NEC) of the lung has been described in MEN 1 ( Farhandi et al . 1987 ), it has not been described in the MEN2
Department of Pathology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
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National Hospital Organization, Sendai Medical Center, Sendai, Japan
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Introduction Pulmonary neuroendocrine tumors, as defined in the 2015 classification of the World Health Organization (WHO), comprise three different types; carcinoid tumors, large cell neuroendocrine carcinomas (LCNEC) and small-cell lung