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Department of Radiotherapy and Oncology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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Department of Molecular Radiation Oncology, Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Ministry of Education, National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China
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overexpression and poor clinical prognosis. KAT5 promotes ATC cell invasion and proliferation through acetylating C-MYC, thus inhibiting ubiquitination proteasome degradation and stabilizing the protein. Furthermore, we demonstrate evidence that overexpression of
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Ever since Bishop and his co-workers discovered the c-myc gene in the late 1970s (Bishop 1982), voluminous literature has documented its central role in proliferation and malignant transformation of human and animal cells (Amati et al. 1998, Bouchard et al. 1998, Dang et al. 1999). Most, if not all, types of human malignancy have been reported to have amplification and/or overexpression of this gene, although the frequency of these alterations varies greatly among different reports (Nesbit et al. 1999). In 1992, researchers started to realize that aberrant expression of c-myc could cause apoptosis (Evan et al. 1992, Shi et al. 1992), although the phenomenon had actually been observed much earlier (Wurm et al. 1986). Studies in recent years have further shown that the c-myc gene regulates growth, both in the sense of cell size and in the context of tissue differentiation (Gandarillas & Watt 1997, Iritani & Eisenman 1999, Johnston et al. 1999, Schmidt 1999, Schuhmacher et al. 1999). Thus, it is now known that the c-myc gene participates in most aspects of cellular function, including replication, growth, metabolism, differentiation, and apoptosis (Packham & Cleveland 1995, Hoffman & Liebermann 1998, Dang 1999, Dang et al. 1999, Elend & Eilers 1999, Prendergast 1999). How the c-Myc protein may be specifically directed to perform one, but not the others, of these functions is still obscure, despite the fact that the relevant literature has been accumulating at a fast pace in the past two decades. This review focuses on the profound roles of c-Myc in breast cancer and in the actions of the hormones that are eitologically related to breast cancer.
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’ regulator in breast cancer is the c-Myc proto-oncogene that encodes the c-Myc transcription factor. Estrogen has been shown to activate c-Myc expression in ERα-positive human breast cancer cells through its enhanced transcription ( Dubik & Shiu 1988
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increased c-Myc expression, which occurs within 15 min of oestrogen stimulation ( Dubik et al. 1987 , Dubik & Shiu 1988 ). The DNA binding region of ERα is required for c-Myc induction, and the P2 promoter region of the MYC gene contains an atypical ERE
Barts and the London School of Medicine, Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Internal Medicine, Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Centre for Endocrinology, London, UK
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Barts and the London School of Medicine, Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Internal Medicine, Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Centre for Endocrinology, London, UK
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Barts and the London School of Medicine, Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Internal Medicine, Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Centre for Endocrinology, London, UK
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phosphorylate ERK1 and ERK2 at two sites, Tyr185 followed by Thr183 ( Haystead et al . 1992 ). ERK1/2 in turn phosphorylates and activates ribosomal S6 kinase and transcription factors such as c-MYC, Elk1, c-Fos or CYCLIN D1 ( Terada et al . 1999 a , b
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Uro-Oncology Research, Surgery, Biomedical Sciences, Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Center, Department of Pathology, Department of Pathology, Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Department of Medicine, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8750 Beverly Blvd., Atrium 103, Los Angeles, California 90048, USA Departments of
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Uro-Oncology Research, Surgery, Biomedical Sciences, Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Center, Department of Pathology, Department of Pathology, Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Department of Medicine, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8750 Beverly Blvd., Atrium 103, Los Angeles, California 90048, USA Departments of
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Uro-Oncology Research, Surgery, Biomedical Sciences, Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Center, Department of Pathology, Department of Pathology, Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Department of Medicine, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8750 Beverly Blvd., Atrium 103, Los Angeles, California 90048, USA Departments of
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Uro-Oncology Research, Surgery, Biomedical Sciences, Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Center, Department of Pathology, Department of Pathology, Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Department of Medicine, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8750 Beverly Blvd., Atrium 103, Los Angeles, California 90048, USA Departments of
Uro-Oncology Research, Surgery, Biomedical Sciences, Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Center, Department of Pathology, Department of Pathology, Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Department of Medicine, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8750 Beverly Blvd., Atrium 103, Los Angeles, California 90048, USA Departments of
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Uro-Oncology Research, Surgery, Biomedical Sciences, Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Center, Department of Pathology, Department of Pathology, Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Department of Medicine, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8750 Beverly Blvd., Atrium 103, Los Angeles, California 90048, USA Departments of
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downstream c-Myc/Max or c-Met signaling network abolished skeletal metastasis in mice. Animal models also showed that RANKL-expressing PCa cells conferred bone colonizing and aggressive phenotypes to neighboring non-metastatic bystander cells by activating
Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
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Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
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Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
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Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
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Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
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Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
Department of Education, Innovation, and Technology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
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Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
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Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
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inhibit the GATA2 transcriptional program. Dilazep suppressed the expression of AR, c-MYC, FOXM1, CENPF, EZH2, and several other PC drivers. Using cellular thermal shift assay (CETSA), ChIP-qPCR, and GATA2 DNA-binding assay, we further confirmed GATA2
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′ (antisense) for c- myc ; 5′-CGGGCTTCAACGCAGACTA-3′ (sense) and 5′-GGTCCGTGCAGAAGTCCTG-3′ (antisense) for c- fos ; 5′-CAATGGCCACCATGGAGAAC-3′ (sense) and 5′-AACGGTGTCGTCGAAACAGC-3′ (antisense) for tff1 ; 5′-GTCAGTGGTGGACCTGACCT-3′ (sense) and 5
Department of Cancer Prevention Institute of Cancer Research
Department of Urology Oslo University Hospital, N-0424 Oslo, Norway
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Department of Cancer Prevention Institute of Cancer Research
Department of Urology Oslo University Hospital, N-0424 Oslo, Norway
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Department of Cancer Prevention Institute of Cancer Research
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Department of Cancer Prevention Institute of Cancer Research
Department of Urology Oslo University Hospital, N-0424 Oslo, Norway
Prostate Cancer Research Group Centre for Molecular Medicine Norway (NCMM), Nordic EMBL Partnership, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, N-0318 Oslo, Norway
Department of Cancer Prevention Institute of Cancer Research
Department of Urology Oslo University Hospital, N-0424 Oslo, Norway
Prostate Cancer Research Group Centre for Molecular Medicine Norway (NCMM), Nordic EMBL Partnership, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, N-0318 Oslo, Norway
Department of Cancer Prevention Institute of Cancer Research
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, including c-Myc, which is overexpressed and predictive of poor prognosis in a subset of cases ( Hawksworth et al . 2010 ). Other examples include hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF1A), which is associated with PCa metastasis ( Ranasinghe et al . 2013 ). In
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Cruz, Biotechnology, Santa Cruz, CA, USA), and c-Myc (Invitrogen) were used in this study. All immunoblotting procedures were performed as described ( Han et al. 2003 ). Protein–protein interaction assays in cell-free (GST