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Neil Portman The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
St. Vincent’s Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, New South Wales, Australia

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Sarah Alexandrou The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
St. Vincent’s Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, New South Wales, Australia

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Emma Carson The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
St. Vincent’s Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, New South Wales, Australia

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Shudong Wang Centre for Drug Discovery and Development, Cancer Research Institute, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia

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Elgene Lim The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
St. Vincent’s Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, New South Wales, Australia

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C Elizabeth Caldon The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
St. Vincent’s Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, New South Wales, Australia

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controlled by the retinoblastoma (Rb) protein. Rb restricts progression from G 1 phase into S phase by binding and suppressing E2F transcription factors. This is overcome by cyclin-dependent kinase 4/6 (CDK4/6) phosphorylation of the Rb protein, which leads

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Kristen Wong Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA

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Francesca Di Cristofano Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA

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Michela Ranieri Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA

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Daniela De Martino Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA

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Antonio Di Cristofano Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA

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the cell cycle into the S phase is controlled by complexes formed by D-type cyclins and the CDK4 and CDK6 kinases, which phosphorylate and inactivate the RB tumor suppressor. In turn, RB inactivation releases the E2F transcription factors to promote

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Thomas Yang Sun Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA

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Lan Zhao Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA

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Paul Van Hummelen Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA

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Brock Martin Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA

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Kathleen Hornbacker Clinical Trials Office, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA

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HoJoon Lee Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA

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Li C Xia Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
Division of Biostatistics, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA

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Sukhmani K Padda Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Department of Medical Oncology, Los Angeles, California, USA

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Hanlee P Ji Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
Stanford Genome Technology Center, Stanford, California, USA

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Pamela Kunz Yale School of Medicine, Smilow Cancer Hospital, Yale Cancer Center, New Haven, Connecticut, USA

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organs with paired clinical outcome data. Our analysis revealed that G3 NENs had gene expression profiles that did not easily segregate by organ, that they shared mutations in TP53 , RB1 , APC , CDKN2A , and in the CDK4/6 cell cycling pathway, and

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Meilin Zhang Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, Chaoyang Central Hospital, Chaoyang, Liaoning Province, China

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Jian Song Department of Breast Surgery, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China

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Shigang Guo Department of General Surgery, Chaoyang Central Hospital, Chaoyang, Liaoning Province, China

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Feng Jin Department of Breast Surgery, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China

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Ang Zheng Department of Breast Surgery, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China

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). In recent years, with the continuous innovation of therapies, the emergence of cyclin-dependent kinase 4 and 6 (CDK4/6) inhibitors has brought new therapeutic directions for HR+, HER2− breast cancer. Globally marketed CDK4/6 inhibitors include

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Carol A Lange Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology, Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, 420 Delaware Street South East, MMC 806, Minneapolis Minnesota 55455, USA

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Douglas Yee Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology, Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, 420 Delaware Street South East, MMC 806, Minneapolis Minnesota 55455, USA

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-dependent protein kinases four and six (CDK4/6) important for mediating phospho-RB-induced cell cycle progression at the G1/S boundary or ‘checkpoint’ ( Fig. 1 ). Other well-characterized functions of D-type cyclins include sequestration of cell cycle inhibitors (p

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Thomas Ho Lai Yau School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Derby, UK

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Kwok-Leung Cheung School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Derby, UK

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kinase 4/6 (CDK4/6) Inhibit Palbociclib, ribociclib Tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) Inhibit Dovitinib An ever-growing arsenal of anticancer agents requires knowledge in optimal application for clinicians and patients to make

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H H Milioli Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
St Vincent’s Clinical School, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia

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S Alexandrou Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia

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E Lim Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
St Vincent’s Clinical School, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia

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C E Caldon Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
St Vincent’s Clinical School, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia

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inhibits progression into S phase. During G 1 /S phase, cyclin dependent kinases (CDKs) phosphorylate Rb; first CDK4/6 is activated by cyclin D1, D2, or D3 to phosphorylate Rb, followed by phosphorylation by CDK2 in complex with cyclin E1 or cyclin E2

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Chellappagounder Thangavel Kimmel Cancer Center, Cancer Biology, Pathology, Department of Carcinogenesis, Lombardi Cancer Center, Department of Oncology and Physiology and Biophysics, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107, USA Departments of
Kimmel Cancer Center, Cancer Biology, Pathology, Department of Carcinogenesis, Lombardi Cancer Center, Department of Oncology and Physiology and Biophysics, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107, USA Departments of

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Jeffry L Dean Kimmel Cancer Center, Cancer Biology, Pathology, Department of Carcinogenesis, Lombardi Cancer Center, Department of Oncology and Physiology and Biophysics, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107, USA Departments of
Kimmel Cancer Center, Cancer Biology, Pathology, Department of Carcinogenesis, Lombardi Cancer Center, Department of Oncology and Physiology and Biophysics, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107, USA Departments of

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Adam Ertel Kimmel Cancer Center, Cancer Biology, Pathology, Department of Carcinogenesis, Lombardi Cancer Center, Department of Oncology and Physiology and Biophysics, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107, USA Departments of
Kimmel Cancer Center, Cancer Biology, Pathology, Department of Carcinogenesis, Lombardi Cancer Center, Department of Oncology and Physiology and Biophysics, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107, USA Departments of

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Karen E Knudsen Kimmel Cancer Center, Cancer Biology, Pathology, Department of Carcinogenesis, Lombardi Cancer Center, Department of Oncology and Physiology and Biophysics, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107, USA Departments of
Kimmel Cancer Center, Cancer Biology, Pathology, Department of Carcinogenesis, Lombardi Cancer Center, Department of Oncology and Physiology and Biophysics, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107, USA Departments of

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C Marcelo Aldaz Kimmel Cancer Center, Cancer Biology, Pathology, Department of Carcinogenesis, Lombardi Cancer Center, Department of Oncology and Physiology and Biophysics, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107, USA Departments of

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Agnieszka K Witkiewicz Kimmel Cancer Center, Cancer Biology, Pathology, Department of Carcinogenesis, Lombardi Cancer Center, Department of Oncology and Physiology and Biophysics, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107, USA Departments of

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Robert Clarke Kimmel Cancer Center, Cancer Biology, Pathology, Department of Carcinogenesis, Lombardi Cancer Center, Department of Oncology and Physiology and Biophysics, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107, USA Departments of
Kimmel Cancer Center, Cancer Biology, Pathology, Department of Carcinogenesis, Lombardi Cancer Center, Department of Oncology and Physiology and Biophysics, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107, USA Departments of

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Erik S Knudsen Kimmel Cancer Center, Cancer Biology, Pathology, Department of Carcinogenesis, Lombardi Cancer Center, Department of Oncology and Physiology and Biophysics, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107, USA Departments of
Kimmel Cancer Center, Cancer Biology, Pathology, Department of Carcinogenesis, Lombardi Cancer Center, Department of Oncology and Physiology and Biophysics, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107, USA Departments of

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of the preclinical and in silico analyses, it was postulated that activation of RB may represent a viable means to re-establish cell cycle inhibition downstream from endocrine therapy. To interrogate this possibility, the CDK4/6-specific inhibitor

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Nader Hussein Université Claude Bernard Lyon, CNRS UMR5201, INSERM-INRA U418, INSERM, Groupe d'Etude Recherche, Lyon, France; Faculté de Médecine, Université Lyon 1, Lyon F-69003, France; Laboratoire Génétique Moléculaire, Signalisation et Cancer, 8 Avenue Rockefeller, Lyon F-69373, France
Université Claude Bernard Lyon, CNRS UMR5201, INSERM-INRA U418, INSERM, Groupe d'Etude Recherche, Lyon, France; Faculté de Médecine, Université Lyon 1, Lyon F-69003, France; Laboratoire Génétique Moléculaire, Signalisation et Cancer, 8 Avenue Rockefeller, Lyon F-69373, France

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JieLi Lu Université Claude Bernard Lyon, CNRS UMR5201, INSERM-INRA U418, INSERM, Groupe d'Etude Recherche, Lyon, France; Faculté de Médecine, Université Lyon 1, Lyon F-69003, France; Laboratoire Génétique Moléculaire, Signalisation et Cancer, 8 Avenue Rockefeller, Lyon F-69373, France
Université Claude Bernard Lyon, CNRS UMR5201, INSERM-INRA U418, INSERM, Groupe d'Etude Recherche, Lyon, France; Faculté de Médecine, Université Lyon 1, Lyon F-69003, France; Laboratoire Génétique Moléculaire, Signalisation et Cancer, 8 Avenue Rockefeller, Lyon F-69373, France

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Huguette Casse Université Claude Bernard Lyon, CNRS UMR5201, INSERM-INRA U418, INSERM, Groupe d'Etude Recherche, Lyon, France; Faculté de Médecine, Université Lyon 1, Lyon F-69003, France; Laboratoire Génétique Moléculaire, Signalisation et Cancer, 8 Avenue Rockefeller, Lyon F-69373, France
Université Claude Bernard Lyon, CNRS UMR5201, INSERM-INRA U418, INSERM, Groupe d'Etude Recherche, Lyon, France; Faculté de Médecine, Université Lyon 1, Lyon F-69003, France; Laboratoire Génétique Moléculaire, Signalisation et Cancer, 8 Avenue Rockefeller, Lyon F-69373, France

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Sandra Fontanière Université Claude Bernard Lyon, CNRS UMR5201, INSERM-INRA U418, INSERM, Groupe d'Etude Recherche, Lyon, France; Faculté de Médecine, Université Lyon 1, Lyon F-69003, France; Laboratoire Génétique Moléculaire, Signalisation et Cancer, 8 Avenue Rockefeller, Lyon F-69373, France
Université Claude Bernard Lyon, CNRS UMR5201, INSERM-INRA U418, INSERM, Groupe d'Etude Recherche, Lyon, France; Faculté de Médecine, Université Lyon 1, Lyon F-69003, France; Laboratoire Génétique Moléculaire, Signalisation et Cancer, 8 Avenue Rockefeller, Lyon F-69373, France

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Anne-Marie Morera Université Claude Bernard Lyon, CNRS UMR5201, INSERM-INRA U418, INSERM, Groupe d'Etude Recherche, Lyon, France; Faculté de Médecine, Université Lyon 1, Lyon F-69003, France; Laboratoire Génétique Moléculaire, Signalisation et Cancer, 8 Avenue Rockefeller, Lyon F-69373, France

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Séverine Mazaud Guittot Université Claude Bernard Lyon, CNRS UMR5201, INSERM-INRA U418, INSERM, Groupe d'Etude Recherche, Lyon, France; Faculté de Médecine, Université Lyon 1, Lyon F-69003, France; Laboratoire Génétique Moléculaire, Signalisation et Cancer, 8 Avenue Rockefeller, Lyon F-69373, France

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Alain Calender Université Claude Bernard Lyon, CNRS UMR5201, INSERM-INRA U418, INSERM, Groupe d'Etude Recherche, Lyon, France; Faculté de Médecine, Université Lyon 1, Lyon F-69003, France; Laboratoire Génétique Moléculaire, Signalisation et Cancer, 8 Avenue Rockefeller, Lyon F-69373, France
Université Claude Bernard Lyon, CNRS UMR5201, INSERM-INRA U418, INSERM, Groupe d'Etude Recherche, Lyon, France; Faculté de Médecine, Université Lyon 1, Lyon F-69003, France; Laboratoire Génétique Moléculaire, Signalisation et Cancer, 8 Avenue Rockefeller, Lyon F-69373, France
Université Claude Bernard Lyon, CNRS UMR5201, INSERM-INRA U418, INSERM, Groupe d'Etude Recherche, Lyon, France; Faculté de Médecine, Université Lyon 1, Lyon F-69003, France; Laboratoire Génétique Moléculaire, Signalisation et Cancer, 8 Avenue Rockefeller, Lyon F-69373, France

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Nathalie Di Clemente Université Claude Bernard Lyon, CNRS UMR5201, INSERM-INRA U418, INSERM, Groupe d'Etude Recherche, Lyon, France; Faculté de Médecine, Université Lyon 1, Lyon F-69003, France; Laboratoire Génétique Moléculaire, Signalisation et Cancer, 8 Avenue Rockefeller, Lyon F-69373, France

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Chang X Zhang Université Claude Bernard Lyon, CNRS UMR5201, INSERM-INRA U418, INSERM, Groupe d'Etude Recherche, Lyon, France; Faculté de Médecine, Université Lyon 1, Lyon F-69003, France; Laboratoire Génétique Moléculaire, Signalisation et Cancer, 8 Avenue Rockefeller, Lyon F-69373, France
Université Claude Bernard Lyon, CNRS UMR5201, INSERM-INRA U418, INSERM, Groupe d'Etude Recherche, Lyon, France; Faculté de Médecine, Université Lyon 1, Lyon F-69003, France; Laboratoire Génétique Moléculaire, Signalisation et Cancer, 8 Avenue Rockefeller, Lyon F-69373, France
Université Claude Bernard Lyon, CNRS UMR5201, INSERM-INRA U418, INSERM, Groupe d'Etude Recherche, Lyon, France; Faculté de Médecine, Université Lyon 1, Lyon F-69003, France; Laboratoire Génétique Moléculaire, Signalisation et Cancer, 8 Avenue Rockefeller, Lyon F-69373, France

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. 2003 a ), using antibodies against menin (C19, 1:500), anti-p18 (1:3000), anti-p27 (1:1000), anti-pSmad1 (1:1000), anti-Smad1 (1:1000), anti-Smad3 (1:1000), anti-Smad4 (1:1000), anti-Smad5 polyclonal (1:1000) and anti-Cdk4 (1:1000, Santa

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Tania Moujaber Centre for Cancer Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
Crown Princess Mary Cancer Centre, Westmead Hospital, Western Sydney Local Health District, New South Wales, Australia
Blacktown Cancer and Haematology Centre, Blacktown Hospital, Western Sydney Local Health District, New South Wales, Australia

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Rosemary L Balleine Centre for Cancer Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
Children’s Medical Research Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia

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Bo Gao Centre for Cancer Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
Crown Princess Mary Cancer Centre, Westmead Hospital, Western Sydney Local Health District, New South Wales, Australia
Blacktown Cancer and Haematology Centre, Blacktown Hospital, Western Sydney Local Health District, New South Wales, Australia

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Ida Madsen Centre for Cancer Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
Department of Gynaecological Oncology, Westmead Hospital, Western Sydney Local Health District, New South Wales, Australia

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Paul R Harnett Centre for Cancer Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
Crown Princess Mary Cancer Centre, Westmead Hospital, Western Sydney Local Health District, New South Wales, Australia

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Anna DeFazio Centre for Cancer Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
Department of Gynaecological Oncology, Westmead Hospital, Western Sydney Local Health District, New South Wales, Australia
The Daffodil Centre, The University of Sydney, a joint venture with Cancer Council New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia

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turn activate MAPK/ERK kinase (MEK) 1/2 and then extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK1/2). ERK signalling causes increased cyclin D expression which activates cyclin-dependent kinases 4 and 6 (CDK4/6) and leads to increased cell proliferation

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