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Trisha Dwight Cancer Genetics, Kolling Institute, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia

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Aidan Flynn The Finsen Laboratory, Rigshospitalet, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen N, Denmark
Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen N, Denmark

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Kaushalya Amarasinghe The Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia

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Diana E Benn Cancer Genetics, Kolling Institute, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia

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Richard Lupat The Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia

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Jason Li The Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia

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Daniel L Cameron The Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
Bioinformatics Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia

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Annette Hogg The Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia

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Shiva Balachander The Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia

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Ida L M Candiloro Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
The Department of Pathology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia

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Stephen Q Wong The Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia

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Bruce G Robinson Cancer Genetics, Kolling Institute, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia

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Anthony T Papenfuss The Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
Bioinformatics Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
The Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia

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Anthony J Gill The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
Cancer Diagnosis and Pathology Group, Kolling Institute, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia

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Alexander Dobrovic Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
The Department of Pathology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia

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Rodney J Hicks The Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia

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Roderick J Clifton-Bligh Cancer Genetics, Kolling Institute, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia

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Richard W Tothill The Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
The Department of Pathology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia

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( Tischler et al . 2017 ). Activation of TERT as a result of promoter mutations (specifically, chr5:1295228C > T and chr5:1295250C > T) were initially found in melanoma ( Horn et al . 2013 ) and have subsequently been shown to be one of the most

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Johan O Paulsson Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital CCK, Stockholm, Sweden

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Ninni Mu Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital CCK, Stockholm, Sweden

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Ivan Shabo Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
Department of Breast, Endocrine Tumours and Sarcoma, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden

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Na Wang Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital CCK, Stockholm, Sweden

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Jan Zedenius Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
Department of Breast, Endocrine Tumours and Sarcoma, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden

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Catharina Larsson Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital CCK, Stockholm, Sweden

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C Christofer Juhlin Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital CCK, Stockholm, Sweden

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Introduction The telomerase enzyme consists of a protein component with reverse transcriptase activity, encoded by the telomerase reverse transcriptase ( TERT ) gene ( Cong et al. 2002 ). Telomerase activation is a hallmark of malignant

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Tiantian Liu
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Taylor C Brown Department of Medicine-Solna, Yale Endocrine Neoplasia Laboratory, Department of Surgery, Departments of Oncology-Pathology, Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Department of Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital CMM, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
Department of Medicine-Solna, Yale Endocrine Neoplasia Laboratory, Department of Surgery, Departments of Oncology-Pathology, Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Department of Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital CMM, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden

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C Christofer Juhlin Department of Medicine-Solna, Yale Endocrine Neoplasia Laboratory, Department of Surgery, Departments of Oncology-Pathology, Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Department of Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital CMM, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
Department of Medicine-Solna, Yale Endocrine Neoplasia Laboratory, Department of Surgery, Departments of Oncology-Pathology, Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Department of Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital CMM, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
Department of Medicine-Solna, Yale Endocrine Neoplasia Laboratory, Department of Surgery, Departments of Oncology-Pathology, Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Department of Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital CMM, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden

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Adam Andreasson Department of Medicine-Solna, Yale Endocrine Neoplasia Laboratory, Department of Surgery, Departments of Oncology-Pathology, Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Department of Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital CMM, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden

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Na Wang Department of Medicine-Solna, Yale Endocrine Neoplasia Laboratory, Department of Surgery, Departments of Oncology-Pathology, Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Department of Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital CMM, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden

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Martin Bäckdahl Department of Medicine-Solna, Yale Endocrine Neoplasia Laboratory, Department of Surgery, Departments of Oncology-Pathology, Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Department of Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital CMM, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden

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James M Healy Department of Medicine-Solna, Yale Endocrine Neoplasia Laboratory, Department of Surgery, Departments of Oncology-Pathology, Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Department of Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital CMM, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
Department of Medicine-Solna, Yale Endocrine Neoplasia Laboratory, Department of Surgery, Departments of Oncology-Pathology, Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Department of Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital CMM, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden

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Manju L Prasad Department of Medicine-Solna, Yale Endocrine Neoplasia Laboratory, Department of Surgery, Departments of Oncology-Pathology, Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Department of Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital CMM, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden

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Reju Korah Department of Medicine-Solna, Yale Endocrine Neoplasia Laboratory, Department of Surgery, Departments of Oncology-Pathology, Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Department of Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital CMM, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
Department of Medicine-Solna, Yale Endocrine Neoplasia Laboratory, Department of Surgery, Departments of Oncology-Pathology, Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Department of Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital CMM, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden

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Tobias Carling Department of Medicine-Solna, Yale Endocrine Neoplasia Laboratory, Department of Surgery, Departments of Oncology-Pathology, Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Department of Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital CMM, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
Department of Medicine-Solna, Yale Endocrine Neoplasia Laboratory, Department of Surgery, Departments of Oncology-Pathology, Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Department of Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital CMM, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden

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Dawei Xu
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Catharina Larsson Department of Medicine-Solna, Yale Endocrine Neoplasia Laboratory, Department of Surgery, Departments of Oncology-Pathology, Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Department of Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital CMM, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden

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telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT), a catalytic subunit of the telomerase enzyme complex. As the de-repression of TERT gene transcription is intimately coupled with the acquisition of telomerase activity in transformed cells, regulatory mechanisms

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Matthias S Dettmer Institute of Pathology, Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Neuropathology, Institute of Surgical Pathology, Institute of Surgical Pathology, University of Bern, Murtenstrasse 31, 3010 Bern, Switzerland

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Anja Schmitt Institute of Pathology, Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Neuropathology, Institute of Surgical Pathology, Institute of Surgical Pathology, University of Bern, Murtenstrasse 31, 3010 Bern, Switzerland

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Hans Steinert Institute of Pathology, Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Neuropathology, Institute of Surgical Pathology, Institute of Surgical Pathology, University of Bern, Murtenstrasse 31, 3010 Bern, Switzerland

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David Capper Institute of Pathology, Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Neuropathology, Institute of Surgical Pathology, Institute of Surgical Pathology, University of Bern, Murtenstrasse 31, 3010 Bern, Switzerland

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Holger Moch Institute of Pathology, Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Neuropathology, Institute of Surgical Pathology, Institute of Surgical Pathology, University of Bern, Murtenstrasse 31, 3010 Bern, Switzerland

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Paul Komminoth Institute of Pathology, Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Neuropathology, Institute of Surgical Pathology, Institute of Surgical Pathology, University of Bern, Murtenstrasse 31, 3010 Bern, Switzerland

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Aurel Perren Institute of Pathology, Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Neuropathology, Institute of Surgical Pathology, Institute of Surgical Pathology, University of Bern, Murtenstrasse 31, 3010 Bern, Switzerland

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transcriptase ( TERT ) gene, which encodes for the catalytic subunit of telomerase, is implicated in tumorigenesis and cell immortalization. The two promoter mutations C228T and C250T were recently reported in human melanomas and other human cancer types

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Vicente Rodrigues Marczyk Thyroid Unit, Endocrine division, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Brazil
Medical School, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Brazil

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Ana Luiza Maia Thyroid Unit, Endocrine division, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Brazil
Medical School, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Brazil

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Iuri Martin Goemann Thyroid Unit, Endocrine division, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Brazil
Medical School, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Brazil
Medical School, Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos (UNISINOS), Brazil

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Introduction The catalytic subunit of the telomerase enzyme is encoded by the telomerase reverse transcriptase ( TERT ) gene and is crucial for telomerase activity. Two hotspot mutations affecting the promoter region of TERT were discovered

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Soomin Ahn Department of Pathology, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea

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Tae Hyuk Kim Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Thyroid Center, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea

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Sun Wook Kim Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Thyroid Center, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea

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Chang Seok Ki Department of Laboratory Medicine and Genetics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea

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Hye Won Jang Department of Medical Education, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea

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Jee Soo Kim Division of Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Department of Surgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea

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Jung Han Kim Division of Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Department of Surgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea

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Jun-Ho Choe Division of Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Department of Surgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea

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Jung Hee Shin Department of Radiology and Center for Imaging Science, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea

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Soo Yeon Hahn Department of Radiology and Center for Imaging Science, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea

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Young Lyun Oh Department of Pathology and Translational genomics, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea

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Jae Hoon Chung Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Thyroid Center, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea

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frequency of PD-L1 expression in various thyroid cancers and the relationship between PD-L1 expression and clinicopathologic factors including BRAF , TERT promoter status and disease progression were evaluated. Materials and methods Case

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Rengyun Liu Laboratory for Cellular and Molecular Thyroid Research, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1830 East Monument Street, Suite 333, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, USA

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Mingzhao Xing Laboratory for Cellular and Molecular Thyroid Research, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1830 East Monument Street, Suite 333, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, USA

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Introduction Telomerase reverse transcriptase in human cancer Telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) is the catalytic protein subunit of telomerase, which, together with an integral RNA subunit and several species-specific assessor proteins

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Young Shin Song Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
Department of Internal Medicine, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University, Seongnam, Korea

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Seong-Keun Yoo Genomic Medicine Institute, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea

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Hwan Hee Kim Center for Medical Innovation, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea

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Gyeongseo Jung Center for Medical Innovation, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea

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Ah-Reum Oh Department of Biochemistry, Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, GAIHST, Gachon University College of Medicine, Incheon, Korea

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Ji-Young Cha Department of Biochemistry, Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, GAIHST, Gachon University College of Medicine, Incheon, Korea

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Su-jin Kim Department of Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea

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Sun Wook Cho Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea

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Kyu Eun Lee Genomic Medicine Institute, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
Department of Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea

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Jeong-Sun Seo Genomic Medicine Institute, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea

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Young Joo Park Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
Genomic Medicine Institute, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
Center for Medical Innovation, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea

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Introduction Telomerase reverse transcriptase ( TERT ) has a canonical role maintaining telomere length and the nontelomeric function, which can regulate the expression of various genes involved in cell proliferation and cellular signaling

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Rengyun Liu Laboratory for Cellular and Molecular Thyroid Research, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1830 East Monument Street, Suite 333, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, USA

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Mingzhao Xing Laboratory for Cellular and Molecular Thyroid Research, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1830 East Monument Street, Suite 333, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, USA

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required to achieve this. Two recently discovered mutations in the promoter of the gene for telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) in thyroid cancer show promise in this regard – chr5:1 295 228C>T and chr5:1 295 250C>T (termed herein as C228T and C250T

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Xiaoli Liu
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Justin Bishop Laboratory for Cellular and Molecular Thyroid Research, Department of Pathology, Departments of Anatomic Pathology and Neuro-Oncology, Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Surgical Translational Medicine, Department of Pathology, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1830 East Monument Street, Suite 333, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, USA

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Yuan Shan Laboratory for Cellular and Molecular Thyroid Research, Department of Pathology, Departments of Anatomic Pathology and Neuro-Oncology, Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Surgical Translational Medicine, Department of Pathology, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1830 East Monument Street, Suite 333, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, USA

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Sara Pai Laboratory for Cellular and Molecular Thyroid Research, Department of Pathology, Departments of Anatomic Pathology and Neuro-Oncology, Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Surgical Translational Medicine, Department of Pathology, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1830 East Monument Street, Suite 333, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, USA

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Dingxie Liu
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Avaniyapuram Kannan Murugan
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Hui Sun Laboratory for Cellular and Molecular Thyroid Research, Department of Pathology, Departments of Anatomic Pathology and Neuro-Oncology, Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Surgical Translational Medicine, Department of Pathology, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1830 East Monument Street, Suite 333, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, USA

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Adel K El-Naggar Laboratory for Cellular and Molecular Thyroid Research, Department of Pathology, Departments of Anatomic Pathology and Neuro-Oncology, Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Surgical Translational Medicine, Department of Pathology, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1830 East Monument Street, Suite 333, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, USA

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Mingzhao Xing
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telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT). Promoter mutations in the TERT gene on chromosome 5 have recently been reported in melanomas ( Horn et al . 2013 , Huang et al . 2013 ). Two TERT promoter mutations, 1 295 228 C>T and 1 295 250 C>T (termed C228T

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