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Abigail Read The Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
Division of Molecular Pathology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK

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Rachael Natrajan The Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
Division of Molecular Pathology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK

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genes such as the RNA-binding protein RBM5 have been implicated in breast cancers as having an opposing role because the resulting isoform is more anti-apoptotic ( Fushimi et al . 2008 ). Another example is the B-cell lymphoma gene, Bcl-x , which can

Article Type:
Review Article
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1530/ERC-18-0068
Volume/Issue:
Volume 25: Issue 9
Open access
Bruno M Simões Breast Biology Group, Department of Medical Oncology, Breast Cancer Now Research Unit, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, Wilmslow Road, Manchester M20 4BX, UK

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Denis G Alferez Breast Biology Group, Department of Medical Oncology, Breast Cancer Now Research Unit, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, Wilmslow Road, Manchester M20 4BX, UK

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Sacha J Howell Breast Biology Group, Department of Medical Oncology, Breast Cancer Now Research Unit, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, Wilmslow Road, Manchester M20 4BX, UK
Breast Biology Group, Department of Medical Oncology, Breast Cancer Now Research Unit, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, Wilmslow Road, Manchester M20 4BX, UK

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Robert B Clarke Breast Biology Group, Department of Medical Oncology, Breast Cancer Now Research Unit, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, Wilmslow Road, Manchester M20 4BX, UK

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Breast cancer stem cells The cancer stem cell (CSC) theory proposes a hierarchical organization of the cells within a tumor, where only a small subset of cells, the CSCs, is believed to drive and sustain tumor growth. CSCs are defined as self

Article Type:
Review Article
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1530/ERC-15-0350
Volume/Issue:
Volume 22: Issue 6
Free access
Philipp Y Maximov Department of Breast Medical Oncology, MD Anderson Cancer Centre, Houston, Texas, USA

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Balkees Abderrahman Department of Breast Medical Oncology, MD Anderson Cancer Centre, Houston, Texas, USA

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Ramona F Curpan Institute of Chemistry, Romanian Academy, Timisoara, Romania

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Yousef M Hawsawi Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

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Ping Fan Department of Breast Medical Oncology, MD Anderson Cancer Centre, Houston, Texas, USA

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V Craig Jordan Department of Breast Medical Oncology, MD Anderson Cancer Centre, Houston, Texas, USA

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Introduction Despite advances in understanding the molecular biology of prostate and breast cancers, they are still the most frequently diagnosed cancers in men and women, in the United States. There is no completely effective preventative for

Article Type:
Review Article
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1530/ERC-17-0416
Volume/Issue:
Volume 25: Issue 2
Open access
Angela Ogden Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA

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Padmashree C G Rida Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA

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Ritu Aneja Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA

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, especially breast cancer ( Godinho & Pellman 2014 ). At least 75% of malignant breast tumors exhibit CA, although the proportion of intratumoral cells with CA varies widely, from 1 to 100% ( Chan 2011 ). Centrosome abnormalities are classified as voluminous

Article Type:
Review Article
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1530/ERC-17-0072
Volume/Issue:
Volume 24: Issue 9
Free access
V Craig Jordan Departments of Oncology and Pharmacology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia 20057, USA

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1990 ). This is that story. In 1977, I presented an invited lecture at a medical symposium held by ICI Pharmaceuticals Division at King's College, Cambridge. I described a new strategy to treat breast cancer ( Jordan 1978 ). This was to use tamoxifen, a

Article Type:
Review Article
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1530/ERC-14-0092
Volume/Issue:
Volume 21: Issue 3
Free access
Kiranjit K Dhillon Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA

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Ilirjana Bajrami The CRUK Gene Function Laboratory and Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK

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Toshiyasu Taniguchi Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA

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Christopher J Lord The CRUK Gene Function Laboratory and Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK

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BRCA1 and BRCA2: discovery, genetics and biology Globally, breast cancer is the most common cancer in women. Its familial form constitutes 5–10% of all breast cancers and has a dominant mode of inheritance and is characterised by earlier onset

Article Type:
Review Article
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1530/ERC-16-0228
Volume/Issue:
Volume 23: Issue 10
Free access
Vasily N Aushev Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA

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Kalpana Gopalakrishnan Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA

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Susan L Teitelbaum Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA

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Humberto Parada Jr Division of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, USA

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Regina M Santella Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA

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Marilie D Gammon University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA

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Jia Chen Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
Department of Medicine, Hematology and Medical Oncology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA

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al. 2002 ). Many of these chemicals have shown to have endocrine-disruption properties which have the capacity of interfering the endocrine system and possibly playing a role in breast carcinogenesis ( Delfosse et al. 2015 ). Humans are exposed to

Article Type:
Research Article
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1530/ERC-19-0357
Volume/Issue:
Volume 26: Issue 12
Restricted access
Etienne Leygue Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, Manitoba Institute of Cell Biology, University of Manitoba, 675 McDermot Avenue, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3E 0V9

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Leigh C Murphy Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, Manitoba Institute of Cell Biology, University of Manitoba, 675 McDermot Avenue, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3E 0V9

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Introduction The critical role of estrogen in human breast cancer is undisputed. The practical consequences of the concept of inhibiting the mitogenic action of estrogen on breast cancer cells have been the successful establishment of the endocrine

Article Type:
Research Article
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1530/ERC-12-0389
Volume/Issue:
Volume 20: Issue 3
Free access
Gerard A Tarulli Dame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research Laboratories (DRMCRL) Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia

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Lisa M Butler Dame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research Laboratories (DRMCRL) Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia

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Wayne D Tilley Dame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research Laboratories (DRMCRL) Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia

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Theresa E Hickey Dame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research Laboratories (DRMCRL) Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia

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preparation for milk production during lactation. ERa expression is a hallmark of the majority (>70%) of early-stage breast cancers and therefore ERa is the main target of adjuvant hormone therapy in women with this disease. Aberrant ERa signalling can also

Article Type:
Research Article
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1530/ERC-14-0248
Volume/Issue:
Volume 21: Issue 4
Free access
Filipa Morais-Santos School of Health Sciences, ICVS/3B's – PT Government Associate Laboratory, IPATIMUP – Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology, Medical Faculty, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Department of Pathology, Barretos School of Health Sciences, Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), University of Minho, Campus of Gualtar, Braga, Portugal
School of Health Sciences, ICVS/3B's – PT Government Associate Laboratory, IPATIMUP – Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology, Medical Faculty, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Department of Pathology, Barretos School of Health Sciences, Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), University of Minho, Campus of Gualtar, Braga, Portugal

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Vera Miranda-Gonçalves School of Health Sciences, ICVS/3B's – PT Government Associate Laboratory, IPATIMUP – Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology, Medical Faculty, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Department of Pathology, Barretos School of Health Sciences, Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), University of Minho, Campus of Gualtar, Braga, Portugal
School of Health Sciences, ICVS/3B's – PT Government Associate Laboratory, IPATIMUP – Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology, Medical Faculty, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Department of Pathology, Barretos School of Health Sciences, Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), University of Minho, Campus of Gualtar, Braga, Portugal

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Sílvia Pinheiro School of Health Sciences, ICVS/3B's – PT Government Associate Laboratory, IPATIMUP – Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology, Medical Faculty, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Department of Pathology, Barretos School of Health Sciences, Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), University of Minho, Campus of Gualtar, Braga, Portugal
School of Health Sciences, ICVS/3B's – PT Government Associate Laboratory, IPATIMUP – Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology, Medical Faculty, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Department of Pathology, Barretos School of Health Sciences, Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), University of Minho, Campus of Gualtar, Braga, Portugal

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André F Vieira School of Health Sciences, ICVS/3B's – PT Government Associate Laboratory, IPATIMUP – Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology, Medical Faculty, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Department of Pathology, Barretos School of Health Sciences, Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), University of Minho, Campus of Gualtar, Braga, Portugal

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Joana Paredes School of Health Sciences, ICVS/3B's – PT Government Associate Laboratory, IPATIMUP – Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology, Medical Faculty, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Department of Pathology, Barretos School of Health Sciences, Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), University of Minho, Campus of Gualtar, Braga, Portugal

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Fernando C Schmitt School of Health Sciences, ICVS/3B's – PT Government Associate Laboratory, IPATIMUP – Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology, Medical Faculty, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Department of Pathology, Barretos School of Health Sciences, Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), University of Minho, Campus of Gualtar, Braga, Portugal
School of Health Sciences, ICVS/3B's – PT Government Associate Laboratory, IPATIMUP – Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology, Medical Faculty, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Department of Pathology, Barretos School of Health Sciences, Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), University of Minho, Campus of Gualtar, Braga, Portugal
School of Health Sciences, ICVS/3B's – PT Government Associate Laboratory, IPATIMUP – Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology, Medical Faculty, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Department of Pathology, Barretos School of Health Sciences, Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), University of Minho, Campus of Gualtar, Braga, Portugal
School of Health Sciences, ICVS/3B's – PT Government Associate Laboratory, IPATIMUP – Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology, Medical Faculty, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Department of Pathology, Barretos School of Health Sciences, Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), University of Minho, Campus of Gualtar, Braga, Portugal

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Fátima Baltazar School of Health Sciences, ICVS/3B's – PT Government Associate Laboratory, IPATIMUP – Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology, Medical Faculty, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Department of Pathology, Barretos School of Health Sciences, Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), University of Minho, Campus of Gualtar, Braga, Portugal
School of Health Sciences, ICVS/3B's – PT Government Associate Laboratory, IPATIMUP – Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology, Medical Faculty, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Department of Pathology, Barretos School of Health Sciences, Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), University of Minho, Campus of Gualtar, Braga, Portugal

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Céline Pinheiro School of Health Sciences, ICVS/3B's – PT Government Associate Laboratory, IPATIMUP – Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology, Medical Faculty, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Department of Pathology, Barretos School of Health Sciences, Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), University of Minho, Campus of Gualtar, Braga, Portugal
School of Health Sciences, ICVS/3B's – PT Government Associate Laboratory, IPATIMUP – Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology, Medical Faculty, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Department of Pathology, Barretos School of Health Sciences, Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), University of Minho, Campus of Gualtar, Braga, Portugal
School of Health Sciences, ICVS/3B's – PT Government Associate Laboratory, IPATIMUP – Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology, Medical Faculty, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Department of Pathology, Barretos School of Health Sciences, Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), University of Minho, Campus of Gualtar, Braga, Portugal

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-PET). This technique is useful in the diagnosis and prognosis of breast cancer, especially regarding the detection of distant metastases, and recurrent disease as well as in monitoring response to therapy ( Jadvar et al . 2009 ). This increased uptake of

Article Type:
Research Article
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1530/ERC-13-0132
Volume/Issue:
Volume 21: Issue 1
Free access