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Autophagy is an important intracellular process involving the degradation of cytoplasmic components. It is involved in both physiological and pathological conditions, including cancer. The role of autophagy in cancer is described as a ‘double-edged sword,’ a term that reflects its known participation in tumor suppression, tumor survival and tumor cell proliferation. Available research regarding autophagy in endocrine cancer supports this concept. Autophagy shows promise as a novel therapeutic target in different types of endocrine cancer, inhibiting or increasing treatment efficacy in a context- and cell-type-dependent manner. At present, however, there is very little research concerning autophagy in endocrine tumors. No research was reported connecting autophagy to some of the tumors of the endocrine glands such as the pancreas and ovary. This review aims to elucidate the roles of autophagy in different types of endocrine cancer and highlight the need for increased research in the field.
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Department of Internal Medicine,, Department of Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases,, Department of Internal Medicine,, Department of Medical Oncology,, Isala Klinieken, Dr van Heesweg 2, 8025 AB Zwolle, The Netherlands
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This review focuses on the tumour types and symptoms associated with non-islet cell tumour-induced hypoglycaemia (NICTH) as well as the pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of this rare paraneoplastic phenomenon. In addition, we report two illustrative cases of patients suffering from NICTH caused by a solid fibrous tumour and a haemangiopericytoma respectively. In the first case, NICTH resolved following complete resection of the tumour, but in the second case the patient needed long-term treatment aimed at controlling hypoglycaemia because of non-resectable metastases. Many tumour types have been associated with NICTH. The crucial event in the development of NICTH seems to be overexpression of the IGF-II gene by the tumour. NICTH is characterised by recurrent fasting hypoglycaemia and is associated with the secretion of incompletely processed precursors of IGF-II (‘big’-IGF-II) by the tumour. This induces dramatic secondary changes in the circulating levels of insulin, GH, IGF-I and IGF-binding proteins, resulting in an insulin-like hypoglycaemic activity of ‘big’-IGF-II.
Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Puerta de Hierro Segovia de Arana (IDIPHISA), Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
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Unit of Nutrition and Cancer-IDIBELL, L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
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Department of Medicine/Endocrinology, IIB-Sant Pau, Research Center for Pituitary Diseases, Barcelona, Spain
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Department of Medicine/Endocrinology, IIB-Sant Pau, Research Center for Pituitary Diseases, Barcelona, Spain
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Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER, Unidad 747), ISCIII, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Puerta de Hierro Segovia de Arana (IDIPHISA), Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
Department of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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hypertension, dyslipidemia, and type 2 diabetes mellitus, respectively. Nine (24.3%) patients showed a previous endocrine disease (multinodular goiter ( n = 4), silent thyroiditis ( n = 2), primary hypothyroidism ( n = 1), hyperthyroidism ( n = 1), and
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encourage tumor registries to capture data on these tumors, thereby assisting efforts to clarify clinical and pathological features that can appropriately guide patient management. Pituitary neuroendocrine tumors are not simply endocrine diseases, but should
Sorbonne University, UMR S 1127, Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, ICM, Paris, France
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Paris Cardiovascular Research Center (PARCC), Inserm, Paris, France
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Department of Endocrinology Diabetology, University Hospital Center of Reims, Reims, France
Department of Genetic, University Hospital Center of Reims, Reims, France
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CRESTIC EA 3804, University of Reims Champagne Ardenne, UFR Sciences Exactes et Naturelles, Moulin de La Housse, BP 1039, Reims, France
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Université Paris Cité, Inserm, PARCC, Paris, France
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Université Paris Cité, Inserm, PARCC, Paris, France
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Paris Cardiovascular Research Center (PARCC), Inserm, Paris, France
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history of endocrine disease was referred to an endocrine unit for a right cervical mass evolving for several years. CT scan revealed an intensely enhanced right carotid bifurcation mass with splaying of the internal and external carotid arteries
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. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 81 2041 – 2046 . Mulligan LM Ponder BA 1995 Genetic basis of endocrine disease: multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2 . Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 80 1989 – 1995
Institut des Neurosciences Cellulaires et Intégratives, CNRS (UPR 3212), Strasbourg, France
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ICube, UMR 7357 Université de Strasbourg/CNRS et FMTS, Faculté de Medécine, Strasbourg, France
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Université Paris Descartes, PRES Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de Médecine, Paris, France
INSERM, UMR970, Paris-Centre de Recherche Cardiovasculaire, Paris, France
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Université Paris Descartes, PRES Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de Médecine, Paris, France
INSERM, UMR970, Paris-Centre de Recherche Cardiovasculaire, Paris, France
Centre Expert National COMETE-Cancer de la surrénale, Paris, France
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Institut de Génétique et Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC)/CNRS/INSERM/Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
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Endocrinology Department, Cochin Hospital, Paris, France
Département de Médecine Nucléaire et de Tumeurs Endocrines, Institut Gustave Roussy, Université Paris Sud, Villejuif, France
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F Cabanillas M Arfi-Roufe J Berdelou A Moon B Al Ghuzlan A 2014 Therapy of endocrine disease: treatment of malignant pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma . European Journal of Endocrinology 171 R111 – R122 . ( doi:10
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together with its expert medical advisors to provide information resources and support services to families in the UK and elsewhere affected by MEN disorders and related endocrine diseases. References Allen C Vassilev I Kennedy A Rogers A 2016
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primarily on incidence as opposed to mortality or whether the risk may be reduced by normalizing the biochemical disturbances through parathyroid adenectomy (PTX). More insight into these matters is important since pHPT is an endocrine disease that affects
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or thyroid tissues were used as non-neoplastic tissue in 20 and 14 patients respectively. No non-neoplastic tissue was available for patient no. 29 (Table 1 ). Blood samples from 80 unrelated Swiss individuals not suffering from endocrine disease were