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Introduction Postpubertal mammary gland development is extensively hormonally regulated, and 17-beta-estradiol (E2) is a hormone essential for normal postpubertal mammary gland development. In hormone-deprived mice, additive and sequential
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, The Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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Introduction Estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) is required for full mammary gland development. ERα-knockout mice have mammary glands that appear normal at birth but fail to mature. Specifically, adult ERα-knockout mice have a primitive ductal
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Introduction The mammary gland is a useful model in which to study epithelial–stromal interactions, as these interactions are important in embryonic development, postnatal ductal growth, ductal branching morphogenesis and
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Department of Surgery, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
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Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Food and Experimental Nutrition, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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-OID: 15. Tissue collection after tumor monitoring period Blood was obtained via cardiac puncture at killing. Serum was separated, frozen and kept at −20°C until assayed. Mammary glands and tumors were collected at killing. Tissues were either fixed
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Homeostasis in normal tissue is regulated by a balance between proliferative activity and cell loss by apoptosis. Apoptosis is a physiological mechanism of cell loss that depends on both pre-existing proteins and de novo protein synthesis, and the process of apoptosis is integral to normal mammary gland development and in many diseases, including breast cancer. The mammary gland is one of the few organ systems in mammals that completes its morphologic development postnatally during two discrete physiologic states, puberty and pregnancy. The susceptibility of the mammary gland to tumorigenesis is influenced by its normal development, particularly during stages of puberty and pregnancy that are characterized by marked alterations in breast cell proliferation and differentiation. Numerous epidemiologic studies have suggested that specific details in the development of the mammary gland play a critical role in breast cancer risk. Mammary gland development is characterized by dynamic changes in the expression profiles of Bcl-2 family members. The expression of Bcl-2 family proteins in breast cancer is also influenced by estradiol and by progestin. Since the ratio of proapoptotic to antiapoptotic proteins determines apoptosis or cell survival, hormone levels may have important implications in the therapeutic prevention of breast cancer.
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Introduction The mammary gland distinguishes itself from other organs since much of its development occurs after birth, allowing for adult developmental studies. Postnatal development of the mammary gland comprises stages of ductal morphogenesis
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Breast Biology Group, Department of Medical Oncology, Breast Cancer Now Research Unit, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, Wilmslow Road, Manchester M20 4BX, UK
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, Harrison et al . 2013 , Simões et al . 2015 ). Similar to what happens in the normal mammary gland, it has been suggested that estrogen can promote CSC activity of ER − BCSCs by inducing the secretion of paracrine growth factors from ER + cells
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Introduction Development of the adult mammary gland and its function are dependent upon oestrogen and progesterone acting via the oestrogen receptor alpha (ERa (ESR1)) and progesterone receptor (PR (PGR)) respectively. During reproductive cycles
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). Considering the risk factors, age and parity are relevant aspects for the onset and advancement of breast cancer. In addition, due to the fact that the mammary gland (MG) is one of the most plastic organs, oncogenesis in this tissue is closely related to
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Fibroblast growth factors (Fgfs) and their receptors are important intercellular signalling molecules involved in many aspects of animal development. The aberrant expression of the Fgfs or the inappropriate activation of their cell surface receptors have been implicated in tumorigenesis. Here, we describe the evidence that as well as playing a critical role in the formation of the mammary primordia during embryogenesis, signalling by Fgfs is necessary for optimal lobuloalveolar development of the mouse mammary gland during pregnancy.
