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Scientific evidence has linked diabetes to a higher incidence and increased aggressiveness of breast cancer; however, mechanistic studies of the numerous regulators involved in this process are insufficiently thorough. Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) play an important role in the chronic complications of diabetes, but the mechanisms of AGEs in breast cancer are largely unexplored. In this study, we first demonstrate that high AGE levels in breast cancer tissues are associated with the diabetic state and poor patient outcomes. Furthermore, AGEs interact with the receptor for AGEs (RAGE) to promote breast cancer cell migration and invasion. Mechanistically, based on RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) analysis, we reveal that growth arrest and DNA damage gene 45α (GADD45α) is a vital protein upregulated by AGEs through a P53-dependent pathway. Next, GADD45α recruits thymine DNA glycosylase for base excision repair to form the demethylation complex at the promoter region of MMP-9 and enhance MMP-9 transactivation through DNA demethylation. Overall, our results indicate a critical regulatory role of AGEs in patients with breast cancer and diabetes and reveal a novel mechanism of epigenetic modification in promoting breast cancer metastasis.
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Cancer Drug Discovery Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Invasion and Metastasis Laboratory, Prince Henry's Institute, 246 Clayton Road, Melbourne, Victoria 3168, Australia
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Cancer Drug Discovery Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Invasion and Metastasis Laboratory, Prince Henry's Institute, 246 Clayton Road, Melbourne, Victoria 3168, Australia
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metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9; sense, CGC TAC CAC CTC GAA CTT TG; antisense, GCC ATT CAC GTC GTC CTT AT). Experimental samples were repeated in triplicates for each transfection and quantified by comparison with a six-point standard curve as previously described ( Chand
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Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Science, Jodhpur, India
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GV1001, a 16-amino acid fragment of the human telomerase reverse transcriptase catalytic subunit (hTERT), has been developed as an injectable formulation of cancer vaccine. Here, we revealed for the first time that GV1001 is a novel ligand for gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor (GnRHR). The docking prediction for GV1001 against GnRHR showed high binding affinity. Binding of GV1001 to GnRHR stimulated the Gαs-coupled cAMP signaling pathway and antagonized Gαq-coupled Ca2+ release by leuprolide acetate (LA), a GnRHR agonist. Repeated injection of GV1001 attenuated both serum testosterone level and seminal vesicle weight via desensitization of hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal (HPG) axis. We then tested whether GV1001 has an inhibitory effect on tumor growth of LNCaP cells, androgen receptor–positive human prostate cancer (PCa) cells. GV1001 significantly inhibited tumor growth and induced apoptosis in LNCaP-implanted xenografts. Interestingly, mRNA expressions of matrix metalloproteinase 2 and matrix metalloproteinase 9 were suppressed by GV1001, but not by LA. Moreover, GV1001 significantly inhibited the proliferation and migration of PCa cells and induced apoptosis in a concentration-dependent manner. Our findings suggest that GV1001 functions as a biased GnRHR ligand to selectively stimulate the Gαs/cAMP pathway, with anti-proliferative and anti-migratory effects on human PCa.
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BRAF(V600E) mutation is the most frequent genetic alteration in papillary thyroid carcinomas (PTCs) that are 80–90% of all thyroid cancers. We evaluated the relationship between BRAF(V600E) and tumor, host, and environmental factors in PTCs from all geographical areas of Sicily. By PCR, BRAF(V600E) was investigated in a series of 323 PTCs diagnosed in 2002–2005. The correlation between clinicopathological tumor, host, and environmental characteristics and the presence of BRAF(V600E) were evaluated by both univariate and multivariate analyses. BRAF(V600E) was found in 38.6% PTCs, with a 52% frequency in the classical PTCs and 26.4% in the tall cell variant. Univariate analysis indicated that BRAF(V600E) was associated with greater tumor size (P=0.0048), extra-thyroid invasion (P<0.0001), and cervical lymph nodal metastases (P=0.0001). Multivariate logistic regression analysis confirmed that BRAF(V600E) was an independent predictor of extra-thyroid invasion (P=0.0001) and cervical lymph nodal metastasis (P=0.0005). The association between BRAF(V600E) and extra-thyroid invasion was also found in micro-PTCs (P=0.006). In 60 classical PTCs, BRAF(V600E) was positively correlated with matrix metalloproteinase-9 expression (P=0.0047), suggesting a possible mechanism for BRAF(V600E) effect on PTC invasiveness. No association was found between BRAF(V600E) and patient age, gender, or iodine intake. In contrast, a strong association was found with residency in Eastern Sicily (P<0.0001 compared with Western Sicily). These results indicate that BRAF(V600E) mutation is a marker of aggressive disease in both micro- and macro-PTCs. Moreover, for the first time, a possible link between BRAF (V600E) mutation and environmental carcinogens is suggested.
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Academic Unit of Clinical Oncology, Academic Unit of Pathology, Leeds Institute of Molecular Medicine, Cancer Research UK (CR‐UK), and Yorkshire Cancer Research (YCR) Sheffield Cancer Research Centre
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Advanced breast cancer is associated with the development of incurable bone metastasis. The two key processes involved, tumour cell homing to and subsequent colonisation of bone, remain to be clearly defined. Genetic studies have indicated that different genes facilitate homing and colonisation of secondary sites. To identify specific changes in gene and protein expression associated with bone-homing or colonisation, we have developed a novel bone-seeking clone of MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells that exclusively forms tumours in long bones following i.v. injection in nude mice. Bone-homing cells were indistinguishable from parental cells in terms of growth rate in vitro and when grown subcutaneously in vivo. Only bone-homing ability differed between the lines; once established in bone, tumours from both lines displayed similar rates of progression and caused the same extent of lytic bone disease. By comparing the molecular profile of a panel of metastasis-associated genes, we have identified differential expression profiles associated with bone-homing or colonisation. Bone-homing cells had decreased expression of the cell adhesion molecule fibronectin and the migration and calcium signal binding protein S100A4, in addition to increased expression of interleukin 1B. Bone colonisation was associated with increased fibronectin and upregulation of molecules influencing signal transduction pathways and breakdown of extracellular matrix, including hRAS and matrix metalloproteinase 9. Our data support the hypothesis that during early stages of breast cancer bone metastasis, a specific set of genes are altered to facilitate bone-homing, and that disruption of these may be required for effective therapeutic targeting of this process.
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additional treatment with tetrac in endothelial cells ( Ha et al. 2008 , Liu et al. 2014 ). Furthermore, thyroid hormone-enhanced matrix metalloproteinase 9 transcription and activity were subject to inhibition by tetrac, as was the activity of PDGF
Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA
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-malignant breast tissue . European Journal of Cancer & Clinical Oncology 25 343 – 350 . Qian X Wang TN Rothman VL Nicosia RF Tuszynski GP 1997 Thrombospondin-1 modulates angiogenesis in vitro by up-regulation of matrix metalloproteinase-9 in
Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Institut de Cancérologie Gustave-Roussy, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Département de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Foch, Service de Neurochirurgie, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Université Paris-Sud 11, Hôpital de Bicêtre, Service d'Endocrinologie et des Maladies de la Reproduction, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre F-94275, France
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Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Institut de Cancérologie Gustave-Roussy, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Département de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Foch, Service de Neurochirurgie, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Université Paris-Sud 11, Hôpital de Bicêtre, Service d'Endocrinologie et des Maladies de la Reproduction, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre F-94275, France
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Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Institut de Cancérologie Gustave-Roussy, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Département de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Foch, Service de Neurochirurgie, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Université Paris-Sud 11, Hôpital de Bicêtre, Service d'Endocrinologie et des Maladies de la Reproduction, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre F-94275, France
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Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Institut de Cancérologie Gustave-Roussy, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Département de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Foch, Service de Neurochirurgie, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Université Paris-Sud 11, Hôpital de Bicêtre, Service d'Endocrinologie et des Maladies de la Reproduction, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre F-94275, France
Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Institut de Cancérologie Gustave-Roussy, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Département de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Foch, Service de Neurochirurgie, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Université Paris-Sud 11, Hôpital de Bicêtre, Service d'Endocrinologie et des Maladies de la Reproduction, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre F-94275, France
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Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Institut de Cancérologie Gustave-Roussy, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Département de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Foch, Service de Neurochirurgie, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Université Paris-Sud 11, Hôpital de Bicêtre, Service d'Endocrinologie et des Maladies de la Reproduction, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre F-94275, France
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Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Institut de Cancérologie Gustave-Roussy, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Département de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Foch, Service de Neurochirurgie, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Université Paris-Sud 11, Hôpital de Bicêtre, Service d'Endocrinologie et des Maladies de la Reproduction, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre F-94275, France
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Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Institut de Cancérologie Gustave-Roussy, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Département de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Foch, Service de Neurochirurgie, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Université Paris-Sud 11, Hôpital de Bicêtre, Service d'Endocrinologie et des Maladies de la Reproduction, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre F-94275, France
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Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Institut de Cancérologie Gustave-Roussy, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Département de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Foch, Service de Neurochirurgie, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Université Paris-Sud 11, Hôpital de Bicêtre, Service d'Endocrinologie et des Maladies de la Reproduction, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre F-94275, France
Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Institut de Cancérologie Gustave-Roussy, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Département de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Foch, Service de Neurochirurgie, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Université Paris-Sud 11, Hôpital de Bicêtre, Service d'Endocrinologie et des Maladies de la Reproduction, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre F-94275, France
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for pituitary adenomas . Journal of Clinical Investigation 111 1381 – 1388 . Hussaini IM Trotter C Zhao Y Abdel-Fattah R Amos S Xiao A Agi CU Redpath GT Fang Z Leung GK 2007 Matrix metalloproteinase-9 is differentially
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, has been found to be highly expressed in squamous cell carcinomas and has been shown to be required for matrix metalloproteinase 9 expression and secretion ( Iyer et al. 2005 ). Also, earlier studies undertaken using a monoclonal antibody raised to β
Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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retrospective review from a High-Volume Center . Annals of Surgical Oncology 26 3593 – 3599 . ( https://doi.org/10.1245/s10434-019-07451-3 ) Barillari G 2020 The impact of matrix metalloproteinase-9 on the sequential steps of the metastatic process