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Liyan Zhou Department of Phase I Clinical Trial, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin’s Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, China

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Guiying Bai Department of Phase I Clinical Trial, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin’s Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, China

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Yue Song Department of Phase I Clinical Trial, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin’s Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, China

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Xiaohui Liu Department of Phase I Clinical Trial, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin’s Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, China

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Xiaoqing Li Department of Phase I Clinical Trial, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin’s Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, China

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Yilin Deng Department of Phase I Clinical Trial, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin’s Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, China

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Yiran Si Department of Phase I Clinical Trial, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin’s Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, China

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Yehui Shi Department of Breast Oncology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin’s Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, China

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Hongli Li Department of Phase I Clinical Trial, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin’s Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, China

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Scientific evidence has linked diabetes to a higher incidence and increased aggressiveness of breast cancer; however, mechanistic studies of the numerous regulators involved in this process are insufficiently thorough. Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) play an important role in the chronic complications of diabetes, but the mechanisms of AGEs in breast cancer are largely unexplored. In this study, we first demonstrate that high AGE levels in breast cancer tissues are associated with the diabetic state and poor patient outcomes. Furthermore, AGEs interact with the receptor for AGEs (RAGE) to promote breast cancer cell migration and invasion. Mechanistically, based on RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) analysis, we reveal that growth arrest and DNA damage gene 45α (GADD45α) is a vital protein upregulated by AGEs through a P53-dependent pathway. Next, GADD45α recruits thymine DNA glycosylase for base excision repair to form the demethylation complex at the promoter region of MMP-9 and enhance MMP-9 transactivation through DNA demethylation. Overall, our results indicate a critical regulatory role of AGEs in patients with breast cancer and diabetes and reveal a novel mechanism of epigenetic modification in promoting breast cancer metastasis.

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A L Chand Cancer Drug Discovery Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Invasion and Metastasis Laboratory, Prince Henry's Institute, 246 Clayton Road, Melbourne, Victoria 3168, Australia

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K A Herridge Cancer Drug Discovery Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Invasion and Metastasis Laboratory, Prince Henry's Institute, 246 Clayton Road, Melbourne, Victoria 3168, Australia
Cancer Drug Discovery Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Invasion and Metastasis Laboratory, Prince Henry's Institute, 246 Clayton Road, Melbourne, Victoria 3168, Australia

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E W Thompson Cancer Drug Discovery Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Invasion and Metastasis Laboratory, Prince Henry's Institute, 246 Clayton Road, Melbourne, Victoria 3168, Australia

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C D Clyne Cancer Drug Discovery Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Invasion and Metastasis Laboratory, Prince Henry's Institute, 246 Clayton Road, Melbourne, Victoria 3168, Australia
Cancer Drug Discovery Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Invasion and Metastasis Laboratory, Prince Henry's Institute, 246 Clayton Road, Melbourne, Victoria 3168, Australia

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metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9; sense, CGC TAC CAC CTC GAA CTT TG; antisense, GCC ATT CAC GTC GTC CTT AT). Experimental samples were repeated in triplicates for each transfection and quantified by comparison with a six-point standard curve as previously described ( Chand

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Ji Won Kim College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea

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Dharmendra K Yadav Gachon Institute of Pharmaceutical Science & Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Science, Jodhpur, India

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Soo Jin Kim College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea

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Moo-Yeol Lee College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University, Goyang, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea

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Jung-Min Park College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University, Goyang, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea

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Bum Seok Kim College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Iksan, Republic of Korea

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Mi-hyun Kim Gachon Institute of Pharmaceutical Science & Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, Incheon, Republic of Korea

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Hyeung-geun Park College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea

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Keon Wook Kang College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea

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GV1001, a 16-amino acid fragment of the human telomerase reverse transcriptase catalytic subunit (hTERT), has been developed as an injectable formulation of cancer vaccine. Here, we revealed for the first time that GV1001 is a novel ligand for gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor (GnRHR). The docking prediction for GV1001 against GnRHR showed high binding affinity. Binding of GV1001 to GnRHR stimulated the Gαs-coupled cAMP signaling pathway and antagonized Gαq-coupled Ca2+ release by leuprolide acetate (LA), a GnRHR agonist. Repeated injection of GV1001 attenuated both serum testosterone level and seminal vesicle weight via desensitization of hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal (HPG) axis. We then tested whether GV1001 has an inhibitory effect on tumor growth of LNCaP cells, androgen receptor–positive human prostate cancer (PCa) cells. GV1001 significantly inhibited tumor growth and induced apoptosis in LNCaP-implanted xenografts. Interestingly, mRNA expressions of matrix metalloproteinase 2 and matrix metalloproteinase 9 were suppressed by GV1001, but not by LA. Moreover, GV1001 significantly inhibited the proliferation and migration of PCa cells and induced apoptosis in a concentration-dependent manner. Our findings suggest that GV1001 functions as a biased GnRHR ligand to selectively stimulate the Gαs/cAMP pathway, with anti-proliferative and anti-migratory effects on human PCa.

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F Frasca
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C Nucera Endocrinologia, Sezione di Endocrinologia, Unità Operativa di Anatomia Patologica, Servizio di Anatomia Patologica, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Sezione di Endocrinologia, Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Farmacologia, Endocrinologia, Dipartimento di Medicina Interna e Medicina Specialistica, University of Catania, PO Garibaldi Nesima, Via Palermo 636, 95122 Catania, Italy

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G Pellegriti
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P Gangemi Endocrinologia, Sezione di Endocrinologia, Unità Operativa di Anatomia Patologica, Servizio di Anatomia Patologica, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Sezione di Endocrinologia, Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Farmacologia, Endocrinologia, Dipartimento di Medicina Interna e Medicina Specialistica, University of Catania, PO Garibaldi Nesima, Via Palermo 636, 95122 Catania, Italy

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M Attard Endocrinologia, Sezione di Endocrinologia, Unità Operativa di Anatomia Patologica, Servizio di Anatomia Patologica, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Sezione di Endocrinologia, Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Farmacologia, Endocrinologia, Dipartimento di Medicina Interna e Medicina Specialistica, University of Catania, PO Garibaldi Nesima, Via Palermo 636, 95122 Catania, Italy

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M Stella Endocrinologia, Sezione di Endocrinologia, Unità Operativa di Anatomia Patologica, Servizio di Anatomia Patologica, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Sezione di Endocrinologia, Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Farmacologia, Endocrinologia, Dipartimento di Medicina Interna e Medicina Specialistica, University of Catania, PO Garibaldi Nesima, Via Palermo 636, 95122 Catania, Italy

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M Loda Endocrinologia, Sezione di Endocrinologia, Unità Operativa di Anatomia Patologica, Servizio di Anatomia Patologica, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Sezione di Endocrinologia, Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Farmacologia, Endocrinologia, Dipartimento di Medicina Interna e Medicina Specialistica, University of Catania, PO Garibaldi Nesima, Via Palermo 636, 95122 Catania, Italy

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V Vella
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C Giordano Endocrinologia, Sezione di Endocrinologia, Unità Operativa di Anatomia Patologica, Servizio di Anatomia Patologica, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Sezione di Endocrinologia, Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Farmacologia, Endocrinologia, Dipartimento di Medicina Interna e Medicina Specialistica, University of Catania, PO Garibaldi Nesima, Via Palermo 636, 95122 Catania, Italy

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F Trimarchi Endocrinologia, Sezione di Endocrinologia, Unità Operativa di Anatomia Patologica, Servizio di Anatomia Patologica, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Sezione di Endocrinologia, Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Farmacologia, Endocrinologia, Dipartimento di Medicina Interna e Medicina Specialistica, University of Catania, PO Garibaldi Nesima, Via Palermo 636, 95122 Catania, Italy

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E Mazzon Endocrinologia, Sezione di Endocrinologia, Unità Operativa di Anatomia Patologica, Servizio di Anatomia Patologica, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Sezione di Endocrinologia, Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Farmacologia, Endocrinologia, Dipartimento di Medicina Interna e Medicina Specialistica, University of Catania, PO Garibaldi Nesima, Via Palermo 636, 95122 Catania, Italy

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A Belfiore Endocrinologia, Sezione di Endocrinologia, Unità Operativa di Anatomia Patologica, Servizio di Anatomia Patologica, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Sezione di Endocrinologia, Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Farmacologia, Endocrinologia, Dipartimento di Medicina Interna e Medicina Specialistica, University of Catania, PO Garibaldi Nesima, Via Palermo 636, 95122 Catania, Italy

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R Vigneri
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BRAF(V600E) mutation is the most frequent genetic alteration in papillary thyroid carcinomas (PTCs) that are 80–90% of all thyroid cancers. We evaluated the relationship between BRAF(V600E) and tumor, host, and environmental factors in PTCs from all geographical areas of Sicily. By PCR, BRAF(V600E) was investigated in a series of 323 PTCs diagnosed in 2002–2005. The correlation between clinicopathological tumor, host, and environmental characteristics and the presence of BRAF(V600E) were evaluated by both univariate and multivariate analyses. BRAF(V600E) was found in 38.6% PTCs, with a 52% frequency in the classical PTCs and 26.4% in the tall cell variant. Univariate analysis indicated that BRAF(V600E) was associated with greater tumor size (P=0.0048), extra-thyroid invasion (P<0.0001), and cervical lymph nodal metastases (P=0.0001). Multivariate logistic regression analysis confirmed that BRAF(V600E) was an independent predictor of extra-thyroid invasion (P=0.0001) and cervical lymph nodal metastasis (P=0.0005). The association between BRAF(V600E) and extra-thyroid invasion was also found in micro-PTCs (P=0.006). In 60 classical PTCs, BRAF(V600E) was positively correlated with matrix metalloproteinase-9 expression (P=0.0047), suggesting a possible mechanism for BRAF(V600E) effect on PTC invasiveness. No association was found between BRAF(V600E) and patient age, gender, or iodine intake. In contrast, a strong association was found with residency in Eastern Sicily (P<0.0001 compared with Western Sicily). These results indicate that BRAF(V600E) mutation is a marker of aggressive disease in both micro- and macro-PTCs. Moreover, for the first time, a possible link between BRAF (V600E) mutation and environmental carcinogens is suggested.

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Faith Nutter Academic Unit of Clinical Oncology, Academic Unit of Pathology, Leeds Institute of Molecular Medicine, Cancer Research UK (CR‐UK), and Yorkshire Cancer Research (YCR) Sheffield Cancer Research Centre

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Ingunn Holen Academic Unit of Clinical Oncology, Academic Unit of Pathology, Leeds Institute of Molecular Medicine, Cancer Research UK (CR‐UK), and Yorkshire Cancer Research (YCR) Sheffield Cancer Research Centre

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Hannah K Brown Academic Unit of Clinical Oncology, Academic Unit of Pathology, Leeds Institute of Molecular Medicine, Cancer Research UK (CR‐UK), and Yorkshire Cancer Research (YCR) Sheffield Cancer Research Centre

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Simon S Cross Academic Unit of Clinical Oncology, Academic Unit of Pathology, Leeds Institute of Molecular Medicine, Cancer Research UK (CR‐UK), and Yorkshire Cancer Research (YCR) Sheffield Cancer Research Centre

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C Alyson Evans Academic Unit of Clinical Oncology, Academic Unit of Pathology, Leeds Institute of Molecular Medicine, Cancer Research UK (CR‐UK), and Yorkshire Cancer Research (YCR) Sheffield Cancer Research Centre

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Matthew Walker Academic Unit of Clinical Oncology, Academic Unit of Pathology, Leeds Institute of Molecular Medicine, Cancer Research UK (CR‐UK), and Yorkshire Cancer Research (YCR) Sheffield Cancer Research Centre

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Robert E Coleman Academic Unit of Clinical Oncology, Academic Unit of Pathology, Leeds Institute of Molecular Medicine, Cancer Research UK (CR‐UK), and Yorkshire Cancer Research (YCR) Sheffield Cancer Research Centre

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Jules A Westbrook Academic Unit of Clinical Oncology, Academic Unit of Pathology, Leeds Institute of Molecular Medicine, Cancer Research UK (CR‐UK), and Yorkshire Cancer Research (YCR) Sheffield Cancer Research Centre

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Peter J Selby Academic Unit of Clinical Oncology, Academic Unit of Pathology, Leeds Institute of Molecular Medicine, Cancer Research UK (CR‐UK), and Yorkshire Cancer Research (YCR) Sheffield Cancer Research Centre

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Janet E Brown Academic Unit of Clinical Oncology, Academic Unit of Pathology, Leeds Institute of Molecular Medicine, Cancer Research UK (CR‐UK), and Yorkshire Cancer Research (YCR) Sheffield Cancer Research Centre
Academic Unit of Clinical Oncology, Academic Unit of Pathology, Leeds Institute of Molecular Medicine, Cancer Research UK (CR‐UK), and Yorkshire Cancer Research (YCR) Sheffield Cancer Research Centre

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Penelope D Ottewell Academic Unit of Clinical Oncology, Academic Unit of Pathology, Leeds Institute of Molecular Medicine, Cancer Research UK (CR‐UK), and Yorkshire Cancer Research (YCR) Sheffield Cancer Research Centre

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Advanced breast cancer is associated with the development of incurable bone metastasis. The two key processes involved, tumour cell homing to and subsequent colonisation of bone, remain to be clearly defined. Genetic studies have indicated that different genes facilitate homing and colonisation of secondary sites. To identify specific changes in gene and protein expression associated with bone-homing or colonisation, we have developed a novel bone-seeking clone of MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells that exclusively forms tumours in long bones following i.v. injection in nude mice. Bone-homing cells were indistinguishable from parental cells in terms of growth rate in vitro and when grown subcutaneously in vivo. Only bone-homing ability differed between the lines; once established in bone, tumours from both lines displayed similar rates of progression and caused the same extent of lytic bone disease. By comparing the molecular profile of a panel of metastasis-associated genes, we have identified differential expression profiles associated with bone-homing or colonisation. Bone-homing cells had decreased expression of the cell adhesion molecule fibronectin and the migration and calcium signal binding protein S100A4, in addition to increased expression of interleukin 1B. Bone colonisation was associated with increased fibronectin and upregulation of molecules influencing signal transduction pathways and breakdown of extracellular matrix, including hRAS and matrix metalloproteinase 9. Our data support the hypothesis that during early stages of breast cancer bone metastasis, a specific set of genes are altered to facilitate bone-homing, and that disruption of these may be required for effective therapeutic targeting of this process.

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Kathrin A Schmohl Department of Internal Medicine IV, University Hospital of Munich, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany

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Peter J Nelson Department of Internal Medicine IV, University Hospital of Munich, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany

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Christine Spitzweg Department of Internal Medicine IV, University Hospital of Munich, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany

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additional treatment with tetrac in endothelial cells ( Ha et al. 2008 , Liu et al. 2014 ). Furthermore, thyroid hormone-enhanced matrix metalloproteinase 9 transcription and activity were subject to inhibition by tetrac, as was the activity of PDGF

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Salman M Hyder Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA
Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA

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Yayun Liang Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA

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Jianbo Wu Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA

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Vanessa Welbern Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA

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-malignant breast tissue . European Journal of Cancer & Clinical Oncology 25 343 – 350 . Qian X Wang TN Rothman VL Nicosia RF Tuszynski GP 1997 Thrombospondin-1 modulates angiogenesis in vitro by up-regulation of matrix metalloproteinase-9 in

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Françoise Galland Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Institut de Cancérologie Gustave-Roussy, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Département de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Foch, Service de Neurochirurgie, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Université Paris-Sud 11, Hôpital de Bicêtre, Service d'Endocrinologie et des Maladies de la Reproduction, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre F-94275, France
Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Institut de Cancérologie Gustave-Roussy, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Département de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Foch, Service de Neurochirurgie, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Université Paris-Sud 11, Hôpital de Bicêtre, Service d'Endocrinologie et des Maladies de la Reproduction, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre F-94275, France

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Ludovic Lacroix Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Institut de Cancérologie Gustave-Roussy, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Département de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Foch, Service de Neurochirurgie, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Université Paris-Sud 11, Hôpital de Bicêtre, Service d'Endocrinologie et des Maladies de la Reproduction, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre F-94275, France
Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Institut de Cancérologie Gustave-Roussy, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Département de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Foch, Service de Neurochirurgie, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Université Paris-Sud 11, Hôpital de Bicêtre, Service d'Endocrinologie et des Maladies de la Reproduction, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre F-94275, France

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Patrick Saulnier Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Institut de Cancérologie Gustave-Roussy, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Département de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Foch, Service de Neurochirurgie, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Université Paris-Sud 11, Hôpital de Bicêtre, Service d'Endocrinologie et des Maladies de la Reproduction, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre F-94275, France

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Philippe Dessen Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Institut de Cancérologie Gustave-Roussy, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Département de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Foch, Service de Neurochirurgie, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Université Paris-Sud 11, Hôpital de Bicêtre, Service d'Endocrinologie et des Maladies de la Reproduction, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre F-94275, France
Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Institut de Cancérologie Gustave-Roussy, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Département de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Foch, Service de Neurochirurgie, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Université Paris-Sud 11, Hôpital de Bicêtre, Service d'Endocrinologie et des Maladies de la Reproduction, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre F-94275, France

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Geri Meduri Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Institut de Cancérologie Gustave-Roussy, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Département de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Foch, Service de Neurochirurgie, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Université Paris-Sud 11, Hôpital de Bicêtre, Service d'Endocrinologie et des Maladies de la Reproduction, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre F-94275, France
Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Institut de Cancérologie Gustave-Roussy, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Département de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Foch, Service de Neurochirurgie, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Université Paris-Sud 11, Hôpital de Bicêtre, Service d'Endocrinologie et des Maladies de la Reproduction, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre F-94275, France
Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Institut de Cancérologie Gustave-Roussy, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Département de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Foch, Service de Neurochirurgie, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Université Paris-Sud 11, Hôpital de Bicêtre, Service d'Endocrinologie et des Maladies de la Reproduction, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre F-94275, France

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Michèle Bernier Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Institut de Cancérologie Gustave-Roussy, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Département de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Foch, Service de Neurochirurgie, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Université Paris-Sud 11, Hôpital de Bicêtre, Service d'Endocrinologie et des Maladies de la Reproduction, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre F-94275, France

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Stéphane Gaillard Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Institut de Cancérologie Gustave-Roussy, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Département de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Foch, Service de Neurochirurgie, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Université Paris-Sud 11, Hôpital de Bicêtre, Service d'Endocrinologie et des Maladies de la Reproduction, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre F-94275, France

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Jean Guibourdenche Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Institut de Cancérologie Gustave-Roussy, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Département de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Foch, Service de Neurochirurgie, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Université Paris-Sud 11, Hôpital de Bicêtre, Service d'Endocrinologie et des Maladies de la Reproduction, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre F-94275, France
Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Institut de Cancérologie Gustave-Roussy, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Département de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Foch, Service de Neurochirurgie, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Université Paris-Sud 11, Hôpital de Bicêtre, Service d'Endocrinologie et des Maladies de la Reproduction, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre F-94275, France

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Thierry Fournier Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Institut de Cancérologie Gustave-Roussy, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Département de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Foch, Service de Neurochirurgie, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Université Paris-Sud 11, Hôpital de Bicêtre, Service d'Endocrinologie et des Maladies de la Reproduction, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre F-94275, France

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Danièle Evain-Brion Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Institut de Cancérologie Gustave-Roussy, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Département de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Foch, Service de Neurochirurgie, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Université Paris-Sud 11, Hôpital de Bicêtre, Service d'Endocrinologie et des Maladies de la Reproduction, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre F-94275, France
Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Institut de Cancérologie Gustave-Roussy, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Département de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Foch, Service de Neurochirurgie, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Université Paris-Sud 11, Hôpital de Bicêtre, Service d'Endocrinologie et des Maladies de la Reproduction, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre F-94275, France

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Jean Michel Bidart Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Institut de Cancérologie Gustave-Roussy, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Département de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Foch, Service de Neurochirurgie, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Université Paris-Sud 11, Hôpital de Bicêtre, Service d'Endocrinologie et des Maladies de la Reproduction, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre F-94275, France
Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Institut de Cancérologie Gustave-Roussy, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Département de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Foch, Service de Neurochirurgie, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Université Paris-Sud 11, Hôpital de Bicêtre, Service d'Endocrinologie et des Maladies de la Reproduction, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre F-94275, France

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Philippe Chanson Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Institut de Cancérologie Gustave-Roussy, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Département de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Foch, Service de Neurochirurgie, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Université Paris-Sud 11, Hôpital de Bicêtre, Service d'Endocrinologie et des Maladies de la Reproduction, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre F-94275, France
Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Institut de Cancérologie Gustave-Roussy, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Département de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Foch, Service de Neurochirurgie, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Université Paris-Sud 11, Hôpital de Bicêtre, Service d'Endocrinologie et des Maladies de la Reproduction, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre F-94275, France
Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Institut de Cancérologie Gustave-Roussy, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Département de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Foch, Service de Neurochirurgie, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Université Paris-Sud 11, Hôpital de Bicêtre, Service d'Endocrinologie et des Maladies de la Reproduction, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre F-94275, France

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for pituitary adenomas . Journal of Clinical Investigation 111 1381 – 1388 . Hussaini IM Trotter C Zhao Y Abdel-Fattah R Amos S Xiao A Agi CU Redpath GT Fang Z Leung GK 2007 Matrix metalloproteinase-9 is differentially

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J R Puddefoot School of Biological Sciences, Queen Mary, University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, UK

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U K I Udeozo School of Biological Sciences, Queen Mary, University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, UK

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S Barker School of Biological Sciences, Queen Mary, University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, UK

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G P Vinson School of Biological Sciences, Queen Mary, University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, UK

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, has been found to be highly expressed in squamous cell carcinomas and has been shown to be required for matrix metalloproteinase 9 expression and secretion ( Iyer et al. 2005 ). Also, earlier studies undertaken using a monoclonal antibody raised to β

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Vincenzo Condello Department of Surgical, Medical, Molecular Pathology and Critical Area, University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA

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Filomena Cetani Endocrine Unit, University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy

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Maria Denaro Department of Surgical, Medical, Molecular Pathology and Critical Area, University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy

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Liborio Torregrossa Division of Surgical Pathology, University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy

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Elena Pardi Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy

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Paolo Piaggi Department of Information Engineering, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy

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Simona Borsari Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy

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Anello Marcello Poma Department of Surgical, Medical, Molecular Pathology and Critical Area, University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy

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Lucia Anna Muscarella Fondazione IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza Hospital, Laboratory of Oncology, San Giovanni Rotondo (FG), Italy

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Paolo Graziano Fondazione IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza Hospital, Unit of Pathology, San Giovanni Rotondo (FG), Italy

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Maria Grazia Chiofalo Fondazione IRCCS G. Pascale, Thyroid and Parathyroid Surgery Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Naples, Italy

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Andrea Repaci Endocrinology Unit, Sant’Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy

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Giovanni Tallini Department of Medicine, Molecular Diagnostic Unit, Azienda USL di Bologna, University of Bologna School of Medicine, Bologna, Italy

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Francesco Boi Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, Endocrinology Unit, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy

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Gabriele Materazzi Department of Surgical, Medical, Molecular Pathology and Critical Area, University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy

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Fulvio Basolo Department of Surgical, Medical, Molecular Pathology and Critical Area, University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy

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Claudio Marcocci Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy

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retrospective review from a High-Volume Center . Annals of Surgical Oncology 26 3593 – 3599 . ( https://doi.org/10.1245/s10434-019-07451-3 ) Barillari G 2020 The impact of matrix metalloproteinase-9 on the sequential steps of the metastatic process

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