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Arthur S Tischler Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tufts Medical Center and Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

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Judith Favier Université Paris cité, Inserm UMR970 PARCC, Equipe Labellisée par la Ligue contre le cancer, Paris, France

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Experimental models including xenografts and cell lines derived from multiple human tumors provide a critical foundation for preclinical cancer research. These are complemented by mouse models engineered to develop tumors that faithfully

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James F Powers Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

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Brent Cochran Department of Developmental, Molecular and Chemical Biology

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James D Baleja Department of Developmental, Molecular and Chemical Biology

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Hadley D Sikes Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA

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Andrew D Pattison Department of Clinical Pathology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia

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Xue Zhang Department of Developmental, Molecular and Chemical Biology

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Inna Lomakin Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

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Annette Shepard-Barry Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

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Karel Pacak Section on Medical Neuroendocrinology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver Division National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, Maryland, USA

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Sun Jin Moon Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA

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Troy F Langford Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA

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Kassi Taylor Stein Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA

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Richard W Tothill Department of Clinical Pathology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia

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Yingbin Ouyang Cyagen US Inc, Santa Clara, California, USA

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Arthur S Tischler Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

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60% of the tumors have been reported to metastasize ( Jochmanova et al. 2017 ). There is currently no cure after metastases occur. Further, there are few experimental models for pre-clinical testing of new treatments and no models that faithfully

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Hermine Mohr Institute for Diabetes and Cancer Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany

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Natalia S Pellegata Institute for Diabetes and Cancer Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany

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been found in MEN1 as individuals with the same MEN1 mutation may have different clinical presentations. To date, several animal models of MEN1, or having a MEN1-like phenotype, have been described. We here review the existing models but we also

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Lisa D Berman-Booty Department of Cancer Biology, Kimmel Cancer Center, Departments of Urology, Radiation Oncology, Thomas Jefferson University, 233 South 10th Street, BLSB 1008, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107, USA
Department of Cancer Biology, Kimmel Cancer Center, Departments of Urology, Radiation Oncology, Thomas Jefferson University, 233 South 10th Street, BLSB 1008, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107, USA

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Karen E Knudsen Department of Cancer Biology, Kimmel Cancer Center, Departments of Urology, Radiation Oncology, Thomas Jefferson University, 233 South 10th Street, BLSB 1008, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107, USA
Department of Cancer Biology, Kimmel Cancer Center, Departments of Urology, Radiation Oncology, Thomas Jefferson University, 233 South 10th Street, BLSB 1008, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107, USA
Department of Cancer Biology, Kimmel Cancer Center, Departments of Urology, Radiation Oncology, Thomas Jefferson University, 233 South 10th Street, BLSB 1008, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107, USA
Department of Cancer Biology, Kimmel Cancer Center, Departments of Urology, Radiation Oncology, Thomas Jefferson University, 233 South 10th Street, BLSB 1008, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107, USA

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1969 , Helpap & Kollermann 1999 , Helpap et al . 1999 ). Animal models of prostatic NePC are essential for understanding the biology of NePC and developing more effective therapies. Multiple mouse models of NePC exist, and herein, we have reviewed

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Sarah A Dabydeen Departments of Oncology, Medicine, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, 3970 Reservoir Road NW, Research Building, Room 520A, Washington, District of Columbia 20057, USA

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Priscilla A Furth Departments of Oncology, Medicine, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, 3970 Reservoir Road NW, Research Building, Room 520A, Washington, District of Columbia 20057, USA
Departments of Oncology, Medicine, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, 3970 Reservoir Road NW, Research Building, Room 520A, Washington, District of Columbia 20057, USA

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vitro ( Holliday & Speirs 2011 , Wong & Chen 2012 ). Application of these cell lines to xenograft models has enabled a wide variety of in vivo studies examining response to therapy including anti-hormonal approaches ( Brodie et al . 2005 ). Norway

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Tirtha K Das Department of Cell, Developmental and Regenerative Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA

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Ross L Cagan Department of Cell, Developmental and Regenerative Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA

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hope that patients will have new and perhaps better therapeutic options. The goal of this review and other recent reviews ( Vitale et al . 2017 ) is to consider how simple model systems have contributed to our understanding of MEN2 and RET

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Aleksander Skardal Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
The Ohio State University and Arthur G. James Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
Center for Cancer Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA

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Hemamylammal Sivakumar Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA

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Marco A Rodriguez Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA

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Liudmila V Popova Division of Surgical Oncology, The Ohio State University and Arthur G. James Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA

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Priya H Dedhia The Ohio State University and Arthur G. James Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
Center for Cancer Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
Division of Surgical Oncology, The Ohio State University and Arthur G. James Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA

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. In the case of some endocrine tumors, few if any reliable preclinical models exist to identify and study potential therapeutic interventions. In this mini-review, we focus our attention on describing several different approaches to creating 3D tumor

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Katja Kiseljak-Vassiliades Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
Research Service Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Denver, Colorado, USA

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Yu Zhang Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA

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Stacey M Bagby Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA

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Adwitiya Kar Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA

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Nikita Pozdeyev Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA

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Mei Xu Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA

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Katherine Gowan Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA

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Vibha Sharma Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA

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Christopher D Raeburn Department of Surgery, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA

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Maria Albuja-Cruz Department of Surgery, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA

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Kenneth L Jones Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA

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Lauren Fishbein Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
Research Service Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Denver, Colorado, USA

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Rebecca E Schweppe Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA

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Hilary Somerset Department of Pathology; University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA

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Todd M Pitts Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA

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Stephen Leong Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA

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Margaret E Wierman Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
Research Service Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Denver, Colorado, USA

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Introduction Our understanding of the underlying mechanisms driving adrenal carcinogenesis and the ability to develop new treatment options for patients has been severely limited by the lack of in vitro and animal models. Whereas benign

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Maho Shibata Departments of Medicine, Genetics and Development, Urology, and Systems Biology, Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York 10032, USA

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Michael M Shen Departments of Medicine, Genetics and Development, Urology, and Systems Biology, Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York 10032, USA

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progression of prostate cancer to castration-resistance is of fundamental importance for the development of reliable biomarkers and effective treatments. Studies using genetically engineered mouse (GEM) models have revealed that the normal prostate contains

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Xinyu Wu Department of Pathology, Arthritis and Tissue Degeneration Program, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Department of Pathology, Department of Urology, NYU Cancer Institute, New York Harbor Healthcare System, Department of Urology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA

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Shiaoching Gong Department of Pathology, Arthritis and Tissue Degeneration Program, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Department of Pathology, Department of Urology, NYU Cancer Institute, New York Harbor Healthcare System, Department of Urology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
Department of Pathology, Arthritis and Tissue Degeneration Program, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Department of Pathology, Department of Urology, NYU Cancer Institute, New York Harbor Healthcare System, Department of Urology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA

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Pradip Roy-Burman Department of Pathology, Arthritis and Tissue Degeneration Program, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Department of Pathology, Department of Urology, NYU Cancer Institute, New York Harbor Healthcare System, Department of Urology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA

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Peng Lee Department of Pathology, Arthritis and Tissue Degeneration Program, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Department of Pathology, Department of Urology, NYU Cancer Institute, New York Harbor Healthcare System, Department of Urology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
Department of Pathology, Arthritis and Tissue Degeneration Program, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Department of Pathology, Department of Urology, NYU Cancer Institute, New York Harbor Healthcare System, Department of Urology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
Department of Pathology, Arthritis and Tissue Degeneration Program, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Department of Pathology, Department of Urology, NYU Cancer Institute, New York Harbor Healthcare System, Department of Urology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
Department of Pathology, Arthritis and Tissue Degeneration Program, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Department of Pathology, Department of Urology, NYU Cancer Institute, New York Harbor Healthcare System, Department of Urology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA

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Zoran Culig Department of Pathology, Arthritis and Tissue Degeneration Program, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Department of Pathology, Department of Urology, NYU Cancer Institute, New York Harbor Healthcare System, Department of Urology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA

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poorly understood due to the lack of relevant animal models. Androgens play crucial roles in PCa oncogenesis and progression, hence, androgen ablation therapy (surgical or medical castration) is the standard of treatment. However, most PCa cases

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