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). All these above studies were conducted in adult patients, and the correlation between serum TSH concentration and risk for pediatric thyroid cancer were not clear. A few studies on serum TSH concentration in pediatric patients ignored some important
Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
Department of Breast, Endocrine Tumors and Sarcoma, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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Department of Breast, Endocrine Tumors and Sarcoma, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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Department of Pathology and Cytology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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Introduction The incidence of pediatric thyroid cancer is estimated to be 4–5 cases per 100,000 children, making thyroid cancer the most common pediatric endocrine malignancy ( Howlader et al. 2020 ). The bulk of cases are follicular
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that advances in ultrasound imaging technologies have improved diagnosis and, consequently, over time, may have contributed to detect small and asymptomatic pediatric thyroid cancers. Although increased diagnostic scrutiny may account for some of the
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the most common genetic alteration in pediatric thyroid cancer ( Nikiforov et al. 1997 , Ricarte-Filho et al. 2013 ). In adult cohorts, RET fusion genes were detected less frequently than in pediatric cohorts ( Santoro et al. 2020 ). Studies
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different studies available for the analyzed parameters as presented in the corresponding tables and figures and did not include four studies which were each focused on highly selective special cases, including pediatric thyroid cancer ( Ballester et al
Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Health Studies, and the Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Department of Pediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Centre for Health Services Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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Alghamdi B Al-Hindi H 2019 Lung metastasis in pediatric thyroid cancer: radiological pattern, molecular genetics, response to therapy, and outcome . Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 104 103 – 110 . ( https://doi.org/10.1210/jc
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University of Colorado Cancer Center, Aurora, Colorado, USA
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MA Ishak M Afifi MA Shafie AE Ali MA Zekri W Alfaar AS Rashed WM 2018 Risk of second malignancies among survivors of pediatric thyroid cancer . International Journal of Clinical Oncology 23 625 – 633 . ( https://doi.org/10
Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK
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Department of Paediatric Endocrine Surgery, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
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Department of Clinical Oncology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
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perspective of the risk, presentation, and outcomes of pediatric thyroid cancer, presentation . JAMA Otolaryngology– Head and Neck Surgery 142 472– 478 . ( https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaoto.2016.0104 ) Altincik A Demir K Abaci A Bober E Buyukgebiz
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Departments of, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Oncology, Surgery, Department of Internal Medicine, AMBISEN Center, University of Pisa, 56100 Pisa, Italy
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, according to the literature, they are more frequent in pediatric thyroid cancer and in cancer patients with a previous history of radiation exposure ( Nikiforov et al . 1997 , Elisei et al . 2001 ). Although it is a fact that RET/PTC3 is usually
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), though not completely without fluctuation ( Niedziela et al. 2004 , Leenhardt et al. 2004 ). However, over the past ~60 years, pediatric thyroid cancer incidence has had two distinct peaks. The first, in the mid-20th century, was due to use