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Fabio R Faucz Section on Endocrinology and Genetics, Group for Advanced Molecular Investigation, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Pediatric Endocrinology Inter-institute Training Program, The Liggins Institute, Taranaki Base Hospital, Auckland City Hospital & Greenlane Clinical Centre, Department of Neurosurgery, Surgical Neurology Branch, Endocrinology and Metabolic Disorders, Pediatrics, Program on Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics (PDEGEN) Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health, NIH-Clinical Research Center, 10 Center Drive, Building 10, Room 1-3330, MSC1103, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
Section on Endocrinology and Genetics, Group for Advanced Molecular Investigation, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Pediatric Endocrinology Inter-institute Training Program, The Liggins Institute, Taranaki Base Hospital, Auckland City Hospital & Greenlane Clinical Centre, Department of Neurosurgery, Surgical Neurology Branch, Endocrinology and Metabolic Disorders, Pediatrics, Program on Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics (PDEGEN) Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health, NIH-Clinical Research Center, 10 Center Drive, Building 10, Room 1-3330, MSC1103, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA

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Anelia D Horvath Section on Endocrinology and Genetics, Group for Advanced Molecular Investigation, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Pediatric Endocrinology Inter-institute Training Program, The Liggins Institute, Taranaki Base Hospital, Auckland City Hospital & Greenlane Clinical Centre, Department of Neurosurgery, Surgical Neurology Branch, Endocrinology and Metabolic Disorders, Pediatrics, Program on Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics (PDEGEN) Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health, NIH-Clinical Research Center, 10 Center Drive, Building 10, Room 1-3330, MSC1103, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA

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Monalisa F Azevedo Section on Endocrinology and Genetics, Group for Advanced Molecular Investigation, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Pediatric Endocrinology Inter-institute Training Program, The Liggins Institute, Taranaki Base Hospital, Auckland City Hospital & Greenlane Clinical Centre, Department of Neurosurgery, Surgical Neurology Branch, Endocrinology and Metabolic Disorders, Pediatrics, Program on Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics (PDEGEN) Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health, NIH-Clinical Research Center, 10 Center Drive, Building 10, Room 1-3330, MSC1103, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA

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Isaac Levy Section on Endocrinology and Genetics, Group for Advanced Molecular Investigation, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Pediatric Endocrinology Inter-institute Training Program, The Liggins Institute, Taranaki Base Hospital, Auckland City Hospital & Greenlane Clinical Centre, Department of Neurosurgery, Surgical Neurology Branch, Endocrinology and Metabolic Disorders, Pediatrics, Program on Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics (PDEGEN) Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health, NIH-Clinical Research Center, 10 Center Drive, Building 10, Room 1-3330, MSC1103, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA

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Beata Bak Section on Endocrinology and Genetics, Group for Advanced Molecular Investigation, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Pediatric Endocrinology Inter-institute Training Program, The Liggins Institute, Taranaki Base Hospital, Auckland City Hospital & Greenlane Clinical Centre, Department of Neurosurgery, Surgical Neurology Branch, Endocrinology and Metabolic Disorders, Pediatrics, Program on Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics (PDEGEN) Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health, NIH-Clinical Research Center, 10 Center Drive, Building 10, Room 1-3330, MSC1103, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA

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Ying Wang Section on Endocrinology and Genetics, Group for Advanced Molecular Investigation, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Pediatric Endocrinology Inter-institute Training Program, The Liggins Institute, Taranaki Base Hospital, Auckland City Hospital & Greenlane Clinical Centre, Department of Neurosurgery, Surgical Neurology Branch, Endocrinology and Metabolic Disorders, Pediatrics, Program on Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics (PDEGEN) Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health, NIH-Clinical Research Center, 10 Center Drive, Building 10, Room 1-3330, MSC1103, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA

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Paraskevi Xekouki Section on Endocrinology and Genetics, Group for Advanced Molecular Investigation, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Pediatric Endocrinology Inter-institute Training Program, The Liggins Institute, Taranaki Base Hospital, Auckland City Hospital & Greenlane Clinical Centre, Department of Neurosurgery, Surgical Neurology Branch, Endocrinology and Metabolic Disorders, Pediatrics, Program on Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics (PDEGEN) Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health, NIH-Clinical Research Center, 10 Center Drive, Building 10, Room 1-3330, MSC1103, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA

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Eva Szarek Section on Endocrinology and Genetics, Group for Advanced Molecular Investigation, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Pediatric Endocrinology Inter-institute Training Program, The Liggins Institute, Taranaki Base Hospital, Auckland City Hospital & Greenlane Clinical Centre, Department of Neurosurgery, Surgical Neurology Branch, Endocrinology and Metabolic Disorders, Pediatrics, Program on Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics (PDEGEN) Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health, NIH-Clinical Research Center, 10 Center Drive, Building 10, Room 1-3330, MSC1103, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA

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Evgenia Gourgari Section on Endocrinology and Genetics, Group for Advanced Molecular Investigation, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Pediatric Endocrinology Inter-institute Training Program, The Liggins Institute, Taranaki Base Hospital, Auckland City Hospital & Greenlane Clinical Centre, Department of Neurosurgery, Surgical Neurology Branch, Endocrinology and Metabolic Disorders, Pediatrics, Program on Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics (PDEGEN) Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health, NIH-Clinical Research Center, 10 Center Drive, Building 10, Room 1-3330, MSC1103, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
Section on Endocrinology and Genetics, Group for Advanced Molecular Investigation, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Pediatric Endocrinology Inter-institute Training Program, The Liggins Institute, Taranaki Base Hospital, Auckland City Hospital & Greenlane Clinical Centre, Department of Neurosurgery, Surgical Neurology Branch, Endocrinology and Metabolic Disorders, Pediatrics, Program on Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics (PDEGEN) Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health, NIH-Clinical Research Center, 10 Center Drive, Building 10, Room 1-3330, MSC1103, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA

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Allison D Manning Section on Endocrinology and Genetics, Group for Advanced Molecular Investigation, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Pediatric Endocrinology Inter-institute Training Program, The Liggins Institute, Taranaki Base Hospital, Auckland City Hospital & Greenlane Clinical Centre, Department of Neurosurgery, Surgical Neurology Branch, Endocrinology and Metabolic Disorders, Pediatrics, Program on Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics (PDEGEN) Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health, NIH-Clinical Research Center, 10 Center Drive, Building 10, Room 1-3330, MSC1103, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA

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Rodrigo Bertollo de Alexandre Section on Endocrinology and Genetics, Group for Advanced Molecular Investigation, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Pediatric Endocrinology Inter-institute Training Program, The Liggins Institute, Taranaki Base Hospital, Auckland City Hospital & Greenlane Clinical Centre, Department of Neurosurgery, Surgical Neurology Branch, Endocrinology and Metabolic Disorders, Pediatrics, Program on Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics (PDEGEN) Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health, NIH-Clinical Research Center, 10 Center Drive, Building 10, Room 1-3330, MSC1103, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
Section on Endocrinology and Genetics, Group for Advanced Molecular Investigation, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Pediatric Endocrinology Inter-institute Training Program, The Liggins Institute, Taranaki Base Hospital, Auckland City Hospital & Greenlane Clinical Centre, Department of Neurosurgery, Surgical Neurology Branch, Endocrinology and Metabolic Disorders, Pediatrics, Program on Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics (PDEGEN) Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health, NIH-Clinical Research Center, 10 Center Drive, Building 10, Room 1-3330, MSC1103, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA

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Emmanouil Saloustros Section on Endocrinology and Genetics, Group for Advanced Molecular Investigation, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Pediatric Endocrinology Inter-institute Training Program, The Liggins Institute, Taranaki Base Hospital, Auckland City Hospital & Greenlane Clinical Centre, Department of Neurosurgery, Surgical Neurology Branch, Endocrinology and Metabolic Disorders, Pediatrics, Program on Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics (PDEGEN) Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health, NIH-Clinical Research Center, 10 Center Drive, Building 10, Room 1-3330, MSC1103, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA

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Giampaolo Trivellin Section on Endocrinology and Genetics, Group for Advanced Molecular Investigation, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Pediatric Endocrinology Inter-institute Training Program, The Liggins Institute, Taranaki Base Hospital, Auckland City Hospital & Greenlane Clinical Centre, Department of Neurosurgery, Surgical Neurology Branch, Endocrinology and Metabolic Disorders, Pediatrics, Program on Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics (PDEGEN) Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health, NIH-Clinical Research Center, 10 Center Drive, Building 10, Room 1-3330, MSC1103, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA

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Maya Lodish Section on Endocrinology and Genetics, Group for Advanced Molecular Investigation, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Pediatric Endocrinology Inter-institute Training Program, The Liggins Institute, Taranaki Base Hospital, Auckland City Hospital & Greenlane Clinical Centre, Department of Neurosurgery, Surgical Neurology Branch, Endocrinology and Metabolic Disorders, Pediatrics, Program on Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics (PDEGEN) Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health, NIH-Clinical Research Center, 10 Center Drive, Building 10, Room 1-3330, MSC1103, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA

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Paul Hofman Section on Endocrinology and Genetics, Group for Advanced Molecular Investigation, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Pediatric Endocrinology Inter-institute Training Program, The Liggins Institute, Taranaki Base Hospital, Auckland City Hospital & Greenlane Clinical Centre, Department of Neurosurgery, Surgical Neurology Branch, Endocrinology and Metabolic Disorders, Pediatrics, Program on Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics (PDEGEN) Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health, NIH-Clinical Research Center, 10 Center Drive, Building 10, Room 1-3330, MSC1103, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA

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Yvonne C Anderson Section on Endocrinology and Genetics, Group for Advanced Molecular Investigation, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Pediatric Endocrinology Inter-institute Training Program, The Liggins Institute, Taranaki Base Hospital, Auckland City Hospital & Greenlane Clinical Centre, Department of Neurosurgery, Surgical Neurology Branch, Endocrinology and Metabolic Disorders, Pediatrics, Program on Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics (PDEGEN) Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health, NIH-Clinical Research Center, 10 Center Drive, Building 10, Room 1-3330, MSC1103, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
Section on Endocrinology and Genetics, Group for Advanced Molecular Investigation, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Pediatric Endocrinology Inter-institute Training Program, The Liggins Institute, Taranaki Base Hospital, Auckland City Hospital & Greenlane Clinical Centre, Department of Neurosurgery, Surgical Neurology Branch, Endocrinology and Metabolic Disorders, Pediatrics, Program on Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics (PDEGEN) Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health, NIH-Clinical Research Center, 10 Center Drive, Building 10, Room 1-3330, MSC1103, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA

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Ian Holdaway Section on Endocrinology and Genetics, Group for Advanced Molecular Investigation, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Pediatric Endocrinology Inter-institute Training Program, The Liggins Institute, Taranaki Base Hospital, Auckland City Hospital & Greenlane Clinical Centre, Department of Neurosurgery, Surgical Neurology Branch, Endocrinology and Metabolic Disorders, Pediatrics, Program on Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics (PDEGEN) Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health, NIH-Clinical Research Center, 10 Center Drive, Building 10, Room 1-3330, MSC1103, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA

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Edward Oldfield Section on Endocrinology and Genetics, Group for Advanced Molecular Investigation, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Pediatric Endocrinology Inter-institute Training Program, The Liggins Institute, Taranaki Base Hospital, Auckland City Hospital & Greenlane Clinical Centre, Department of Neurosurgery, Surgical Neurology Branch, Endocrinology and Metabolic Disorders, Pediatrics, Program on Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics (PDEGEN) Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health, NIH-Clinical Research Center, 10 Center Drive, Building 10, Room 1-3330, MSC1103, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA

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Prashant Chittiboina Section on Endocrinology and Genetics, Group for Advanced Molecular Investigation, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Pediatric Endocrinology Inter-institute Training Program, The Liggins Institute, Taranaki Base Hospital, Auckland City Hospital & Greenlane Clinical Centre, Department of Neurosurgery, Surgical Neurology Branch, Endocrinology and Metabolic Disorders, Pediatrics, Program on Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics (PDEGEN) Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health, NIH-Clinical Research Center, 10 Center Drive, Building 10, Room 1-3330, MSC1103, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA

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Maria Nesterova Section on Endocrinology and Genetics, Group for Advanced Molecular Investigation, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Pediatric Endocrinology Inter-institute Training Program, The Liggins Institute, Taranaki Base Hospital, Auckland City Hospital & Greenlane Clinical Centre, Department of Neurosurgery, Surgical Neurology Branch, Endocrinology and Metabolic Disorders, Pediatrics, Program on Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics (PDEGEN) Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health, NIH-Clinical Research Center, 10 Center Drive, Building 10, Room 1-3330, MSC1103, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA

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Nienke R Biermasz Section on Endocrinology and Genetics, Group for Advanced Molecular Investigation, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Pediatric Endocrinology Inter-institute Training Program, The Liggins Institute, Taranaki Base Hospital, Auckland City Hospital & Greenlane Clinical Centre, Department of Neurosurgery, Surgical Neurology Branch, Endocrinology and Metabolic Disorders, Pediatrics, Program on Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics (PDEGEN) Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health, NIH-Clinical Research Center, 10 Center Drive, Building 10, Room 1-3330, MSC1103, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA

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Jan M Wit Section on Endocrinology and Genetics, Group for Advanced Molecular Investigation, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Pediatric Endocrinology Inter-institute Training Program, The Liggins Institute, Taranaki Base Hospital, Auckland City Hospital & Greenlane Clinical Centre, Department of Neurosurgery, Surgical Neurology Branch, Endocrinology and Metabolic Disorders, Pediatrics, Program on Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics (PDEGEN) Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health, NIH-Clinical Research Center, 10 Center Drive, Building 10, Room 1-3330, MSC1103, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA

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Daniel J Bernard Section on Endocrinology and Genetics, Group for Advanced Molecular Investigation, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Pediatric Endocrinology Inter-institute Training Program, The Liggins Institute, Taranaki Base Hospital, Auckland City Hospital & Greenlane Clinical Centre, Department of Neurosurgery, Surgical Neurology Branch, Endocrinology and Metabolic Disorders, Pediatrics, Program on Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics (PDEGEN) Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health, NIH-Clinical Research Center, 10 Center Drive, Building 10, Room 1-3330, MSC1103, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA

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Constantine A Stratakis Section on Endocrinology and Genetics, Group for Advanced Molecular Investigation, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Pediatric Endocrinology Inter-institute Training Program, The Liggins Institute, Taranaki Base Hospital, Auckland City Hospital & Greenlane Clinical Centre, Department of Neurosurgery, Surgical Neurology Branch, Endocrinology and Metabolic Disorders, Pediatrics, Program on Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics (PDEGEN) Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health, NIH-Clinical Research Center, 10 Center Drive, Building 10, Room 1-3330, MSC1103, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
Section on Endocrinology and Genetics, Group for Advanced Molecular Investigation, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Pediatric Endocrinology Inter-institute Training Program, The Liggins Institute, Taranaki Base Hospital, Auckland City Hospital & Greenlane Clinical Centre, Department of Neurosurgery, Surgical Neurology Branch, Endocrinology and Metabolic Disorders, Pediatrics, Program on Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics (PDEGEN) Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health, NIH-Clinical Research Center, 10 Center Drive, Building 10, Room 1-3330, MSC1103, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA

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-producing adenomas. Although our data do not prove a definitive link between pituitary tumor formation and IGSF1 , the variation in its pituitary expression and the high number of polymorphisms suggests that IGSF1 should be studied further as a possible modifier

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G Mantovani Endocrinology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy

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D Treppiedi Endocrinology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy

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E Giardino Endocrinology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy

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R Catalano Endocrinology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
PhD Program in Endocrinological Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy

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F Mangili Endocrinology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy

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P Vercesi Endocrinology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy

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M Arosio Endocrinology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy

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A Spada Endocrinology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy

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E Peverelli Endocrinology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy

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Introduction Pituitary tumors, accounting for 16.2% of all primary brain and other central nervous system tumors ( Ostrom et al. 2017 ), are classified based on their secretory activity in non-functioning pituitary tumors (NFPTs) or hormone

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Tomoko Sekiya Endocrine Genetics Unit LIM-25, Neuroendocrinology Unit, Adrenal Unit (LIM-42), Experimental Oncology Laboratory (LIM-24), Nursing School, School of Public Health, Endocrinology Division, Brigadeiro Hospital, Federal University of Sao Paulo, Human Genome Research Center, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Instituto do Cérebro, National Institute of Aging, Institute of Pathology, School of Medicine, Hospital das Clinicas, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil

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Marcello D Bronstein Endocrine Genetics Unit LIM-25, Neuroendocrinology Unit, Adrenal Unit (LIM-42), Experimental Oncology Laboratory (LIM-24), Nursing School, School of Public Health, Endocrinology Division, Brigadeiro Hospital, Federal University of Sao Paulo, Human Genome Research Center, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Instituto do Cérebro, National Institute of Aging, Institute of Pathology, School of Medicine, Hospital das Clinicas, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil

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Katiuscia Benfini Endocrine Genetics Unit LIM-25, Neuroendocrinology Unit, Adrenal Unit (LIM-42), Experimental Oncology Laboratory (LIM-24), Nursing School, School of Public Health, Endocrinology Division, Brigadeiro Hospital, Federal University of Sao Paulo, Human Genome Research Center, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Instituto do Cérebro, National Institute of Aging, Institute of Pathology, School of Medicine, Hospital das Clinicas, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil

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Viviane C Longuini Endocrine Genetics Unit LIM-25, Neuroendocrinology Unit, Adrenal Unit (LIM-42), Experimental Oncology Laboratory (LIM-24), Nursing School, School of Public Health, Endocrinology Division, Brigadeiro Hospital, Federal University of Sao Paulo, Human Genome Research Center, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Instituto do Cérebro, National Institute of Aging, Institute of Pathology, School of Medicine, Hospital das Clinicas, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil

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Raquel S Jallad Endocrine Genetics Unit LIM-25, Neuroendocrinology Unit, Adrenal Unit (LIM-42), Experimental Oncology Laboratory (LIM-24), Nursing School, School of Public Health, Endocrinology Division, Brigadeiro Hospital, Federal University of Sao Paulo, Human Genome Research Center, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Instituto do Cérebro, National Institute of Aging, Institute of Pathology, School of Medicine, Hospital das Clinicas, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil

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Marcio C Machado Endocrine Genetics Unit LIM-25, Neuroendocrinology Unit, Adrenal Unit (LIM-42), Experimental Oncology Laboratory (LIM-24), Nursing School, School of Public Health, Endocrinology Division, Brigadeiro Hospital, Federal University of Sao Paulo, Human Genome Research Center, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Instituto do Cérebro, National Institute of Aging, Institute of Pathology, School of Medicine, Hospital das Clinicas, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil

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Tatiana D Goncalves Endocrine Genetics Unit LIM-25, Neuroendocrinology Unit, Adrenal Unit (LIM-42), Experimental Oncology Laboratory (LIM-24), Nursing School, School of Public Health, Endocrinology Division, Brigadeiro Hospital, Federal University of Sao Paulo, Human Genome Research Center, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Instituto do Cérebro, National Institute of Aging, Institute of Pathology, School of Medicine, Hospital das Clinicas, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil

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Luciana H Osaki Endocrine Genetics Unit LIM-25, Neuroendocrinology Unit, Adrenal Unit (LIM-42), Experimental Oncology Laboratory (LIM-24), Nursing School, School of Public Health, Endocrinology Division, Brigadeiro Hospital, Federal University of Sao Paulo, Human Genome Research Center, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Instituto do Cérebro, National Institute of Aging, Institute of Pathology, School of Medicine, Hospital das Clinicas, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil

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Leonardo Higashi Endocrine Genetics Unit LIM-25, Neuroendocrinology Unit, Adrenal Unit (LIM-42), Experimental Oncology Laboratory (LIM-24), Nursing School, School of Public Health, Endocrinology Division, Brigadeiro Hospital, Federal University of Sao Paulo, Human Genome Research Center, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Instituto do Cérebro, National Institute of Aging, Institute of Pathology, School of Medicine, Hospital das Clinicas, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil

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Jose Viana-Jr Endocrine Genetics Unit LIM-25, Neuroendocrinology Unit, Adrenal Unit (LIM-42), Experimental Oncology Laboratory (LIM-24), Nursing School, School of Public Health, Endocrinology Division, Brigadeiro Hospital, Federal University of Sao Paulo, Human Genome Research Center, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Instituto do Cérebro, National Institute of Aging, Institute of Pathology, School of Medicine, Hospital das Clinicas, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
Endocrine Genetics Unit LIM-25, Neuroendocrinology Unit, Adrenal Unit (LIM-42), Experimental Oncology Laboratory (LIM-24), Nursing School, School of Public Health, Endocrinology Division, Brigadeiro Hospital, Federal University of Sao Paulo, Human Genome Research Center, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Instituto do Cérebro, National Institute of Aging, Institute of Pathology, School of Medicine, Hospital das Clinicas, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil

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Claudio Kater Endocrine Genetics Unit LIM-25, Neuroendocrinology Unit, Adrenal Unit (LIM-42), Experimental Oncology Laboratory (LIM-24), Nursing School, School of Public Health, Endocrinology Division, Brigadeiro Hospital, Federal University of Sao Paulo, Human Genome Research Center, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Instituto do Cérebro, National Institute of Aging, Institute of Pathology, School of Medicine, Hospital das Clinicas, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil

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Misu Lee Endocrine Genetics Unit LIM-25, Neuroendocrinology Unit, Adrenal Unit (LIM-42), Experimental Oncology Laboratory (LIM-24), Nursing School, School of Public Health, Endocrinology Division, Brigadeiro Hospital, Federal University of Sao Paulo, Human Genome Research Center, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Instituto do Cérebro, National Institute of Aging, Institute of Pathology, School of Medicine, Hospital das Clinicas, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil

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Sara Molatore Endocrine Genetics Unit LIM-25, Neuroendocrinology Unit, Adrenal Unit (LIM-42), Experimental Oncology Laboratory (LIM-24), Nursing School, School of Public Health, Endocrinology Division, Brigadeiro Hospital, Federal University of Sao Paulo, Human Genome Research Center, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Instituto do Cérebro, National Institute of Aging, Institute of Pathology, School of Medicine, Hospital das Clinicas, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil

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Guilherme Francisco Endocrine Genetics Unit LIM-25, Neuroendocrinology Unit, Adrenal Unit (LIM-42), Experimental Oncology Laboratory (LIM-24), Nursing School, School of Public Health, Endocrinology Division, Brigadeiro Hospital, Federal University of Sao Paulo, Human Genome Research Center, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Instituto do Cérebro, National Institute of Aging, Institute of Pathology, School of Medicine, Hospital das Clinicas, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil

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Roger Chammas Endocrine Genetics Unit LIM-25, Neuroendocrinology Unit, Adrenal Unit (LIM-42), Experimental Oncology Laboratory (LIM-24), Nursing School, School of Public Health, Endocrinology Division, Brigadeiro Hospital, Federal University of Sao Paulo, Human Genome Research Center, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Instituto do Cérebro, National Institute of Aging, Institute of Pathology, School of Medicine, Hospital das Clinicas, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil

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Michel S Naslavsky Endocrine Genetics Unit LIM-25, Neuroendocrinology Unit, Adrenal Unit (LIM-42), Experimental Oncology Laboratory (LIM-24), Nursing School, School of Public Health, Endocrinology Division, Brigadeiro Hospital, Federal University of Sao Paulo, Human Genome Research Center, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Instituto do Cérebro, National Institute of Aging, Institute of Pathology, School of Medicine, Hospital das Clinicas, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil

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David Schlesinger Endocrine Genetics Unit LIM-25, Neuroendocrinology Unit, Adrenal Unit (LIM-42), Experimental Oncology Laboratory (LIM-24), Nursing School, School of Public Health, Endocrinology Division, Brigadeiro Hospital, Federal University of Sao Paulo, Human Genome Research Center, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Instituto do Cérebro, National Institute of Aging, Institute of Pathology, School of Medicine, Hospital das Clinicas, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
Endocrine Genetics Unit LIM-25, Neuroendocrinology Unit, Adrenal Unit (LIM-42), Experimental Oncology Laboratory (LIM-24), Nursing School, School of Public Health, Endocrinology Division, Brigadeiro Hospital, Federal University of Sao Paulo, Human Genome Research Center, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Instituto do Cérebro, National Institute of Aging, Institute of Pathology, School of Medicine, Hospital das Clinicas, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil

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Patricia Gama Endocrine Genetics Unit LIM-25, Neuroendocrinology Unit, Adrenal Unit (LIM-42), Experimental Oncology Laboratory (LIM-24), Nursing School, School of Public Health, Endocrinology Division, Brigadeiro Hospital, Federal University of Sao Paulo, Human Genome Research Center, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Instituto do Cérebro, National Institute of Aging, Institute of Pathology, School of Medicine, Hospital das Clinicas, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil

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Yeda A O Duarte Endocrine Genetics Unit LIM-25, Neuroendocrinology Unit, Adrenal Unit (LIM-42), Experimental Oncology Laboratory (LIM-24), Nursing School, School of Public Health, Endocrinology Division, Brigadeiro Hospital, Federal University of Sao Paulo, Human Genome Research Center, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Instituto do Cérebro, National Institute of Aging, Institute of Pathology, School of Medicine, Hospital das Clinicas, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil

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Maria Lucia Lebrão Endocrine Genetics Unit LIM-25, Neuroendocrinology Unit, Adrenal Unit (LIM-42), Experimental Oncology Laboratory (LIM-24), Nursing School, School of Public Health, Endocrinology Division, Brigadeiro Hospital, Federal University of Sao Paulo, Human Genome Research Center, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Instituto do Cérebro, National Institute of Aging, Institute of Pathology, School of Medicine, Hospital das Clinicas, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil

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Mayana Zatz Endocrine Genetics Unit LIM-25, Neuroendocrinology Unit, Adrenal Unit (LIM-42), Experimental Oncology Laboratory (LIM-24), Nursing School, School of Public Health, Endocrinology Division, Brigadeiro Hospital, Federal University of Sao Paulo, Human Genome Research Center, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Instituto do Cérebro, National Institute of Aging, Institute of Pathology, School of Medicine, Hospital das Clinicas, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil

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Osorio Meirelles Endocrine Genetics Unit LIM-25, Neuroendocrinology Unit, Adrenal Unit (LIM-42), Experimental Oncology Laboratory (LIM-24), Nursing School, School of Public Health, Endocrinology Division, Brigadeiro Hospital, Federal University of Sao Paulo, Human Genome Research Center, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Instituto do Cérebro, National Institute of Aging, Institute of Pathology, School of Medicine, Hospital das Clinicas, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil

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Bernardo Liberman Endocrine Genetics Unit LIM-25, Neuroendocrinology Unit, Adrenal Unit (LIM-42), Experimental Oncology Laboratory (LIM-24), Nursing School, School of Public Health, Endocrinology Division, Brigadeiro Hospital, Federal University of Sao Paulo, Human Genome Research Center, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Instituto do Cérebro, National Institute of Aging, Institute of Pathology, School of Medicine, Hospital das Clinicas, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil

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Maria Candida B V Fragoso Endocrine Genetics Unit LIM-25, Neuroendocrinology Unit, Adrenal Unit (LIM-42), Experimental Oncology Laboratory (LIM-24), Nursing School, School of Public Health, Endocrinology Division, Brigadeiro Hospital, Federal University of Sao Paulo, Human Genome Research Center, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Instituto do Cérebro, National Institute of Aging, Institute of Pathology, School of Medicine, Hospital das Clinicas, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil

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Sergio P A Toledo Endocrine Genetics Unit LIM-25, Neuroendocrinology Unit, Adrenal Unit (LIM-42), Experimental Oncology Laboratory (LIM-24), Nursing School, School of Public Health, Endocrinology Division, Brigadeiro Hospital, Federal University of Sao Paulo, Human Genome Research Center, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Instituto do Cérebro, National Institute of Aging, Institute of Pathology, School of Medicine, Hospital das Clinicas, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil

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Natalia S Pellegata Endocrine Genetics Unit LIM-25, Neuroendocrinology Unit, Adrenal Unit (LIM-42), Experimental Oncology Laboratory (LIM-24), Nursing School, School of Public Health, Endocrinology Division, Brigadeiro Hospital, Federal University of Sao Paulo, Human Genome Research Center, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Instituto do Cérebro, National Institute of Aging, Institute of Pathology, School of Medicine, Hospital das Clinicas, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil

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Rodrigo A Toledo Endocrine Genetics Unit LIM-25, Neuroendocrinology Unit, Adrenal Unit (LIM-42), Experimental Oncology Laboratory (LIM-24), Nursing School, School of Public Health, Endocrinology Division, Brigadeiro Hospital, Federal University of Sao Paulo, Human Genome Research Center, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Instituto do Cérebro, National Institute of Aging, Institute of Pathology, School of Medicine, Hospital das Clinicas, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil

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reported for the European/HapMap-CEU population (G=0.56 and T=0.44) than to those found in African/HapMap-YRI populations (G=0.75 and T=0.25). The role of p27-V109G specifically in ACTH–pituitary tumors Protection by the G allele (GT and GG genotypes) was

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Charlotte Nys Laboratory of Tissue Plasticity in Health and Disease, Cluster of Stem Cell and Developmental Biology, Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven (University of Leuven), Leuven, Belgium

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Yu-Lun Lee Laboratory of Tissue Plasticity in Health and Disease, Cluster of Stem Cell and Developmental Biology, Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven (University of Leuven), Leuven, Belgium

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Heleen Roose Laboratory of Tissue Plasticity in Health and Disease, Cluster of Stem Cell and Developmental Biology, Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven (University of Leuven), Leuven, Belgium

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Freya Mertens Laboratory of Tissue Plasticity in Health and Disease, Cluster of Stem Cell and Developmental Biology, Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven (University of Leuven), Leuven, Belgium
Department of Imaging and Pathology, UZ Leuven (University Hospitals Leuven), Leuven, Belgium

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Ellen De Pauw Laboratory of Tissue Plasticity in Health and Disease, Cluster of Stem Cell and Developmental Biology, Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven (University of Leuven), Leuven, Belgium

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Hiroto Kobayashi Laboratory of Tissue Plasticity in Health and Disease, Cluster of Stem Cell and Developmental Biology, Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven (University of Leuven), Leuven, Belgium
Department of Anatomy and Structural Science, Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata, Japan

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Raf Sciot Department of Imaging and Pathology, UZ Leuven (University Hospitals Leuven), Leuven, Belgium

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Marie Bex Department of Endocrinology, UZ Leuven (University Hospitals Leuven), Leuven, Belgium

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Georges Versyck Department of Neurosurgery, UZ Leuven (University Hospitals Leuven), Leuven, Belgium

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Steven De Vleeschouwer Department of Neurosurgery, UZ Leuven (University Hospitals Leuven), Leuven, Belgium

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Johannes Van Loon Department of Neurosurgery, UZ Leuven (University Hospitals Leuven), Leuven, Belgium

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Emma Laporte Laboratory of Tissue Plasticity in Health and Disease, Cluster of Stem Cell and Developmental Biology, Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven (University of Leuven), Leuven, Belgium

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Hugo Vankelecom Laboratory of Tissue Plasticity in Health and Disease, Cluster of Stem Cell and Developmental Biology, Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven (University of Leuven), Leuven, Belgium

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prevalent, being detected in 15–25% of the general population, with serious clinical symptoms in 0.1% ( Ezzat et al. 2004 , Daly et al. 2009 , Mete & Lopes 2017 , Melmed 2020 ). Although pituitary tumors mainly represent benign and slow

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Mirela Diana Ilie Inserm U1052, CNRS UMR5286, Claude Bernard Lyon 1 University, Cancer Research Center of Lyon, Lyon, France
Endocrinology Department, ‘C.I. Parhon’ National Institute of Endocrinology, Bucharest, Romania

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Alexandre Vasiljevic Inserm U1052, CNRS UMR5286, Claude Bernard Lyon 1 University, Cancer Research Center of Lyon, Lyon, France
Pathology Department, Reference Center for Rare Pituitary Diseases HYPO, ‘Groupement Hospitalier Est’ Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron, France

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Emmanuel Jouanneau Inserm U1052, CNRS UMR5286, Claude Bernard Lyon 1 University, Cancer Research Center of Lyon, Lyon, France
Neurosurgery Department, Reference Center for Rare Pituitary Diseases HYPO, ‘Groupement Hospitalier Est’ Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron, France

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Gérald Raverot Inserm U1052, CNRS UMR5286, Claude Bernard Lyon 1 University, Cancer Research Center of Lyon, Lyon, France
Endocrinology Department, Reference Center for Rare Pituitary Diseases HYPO, ‘Groupement Hospitalier Est’ Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron, France

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Introduction Anterior pituitary tumors are usually benign neoplasms that derive from the endocrine cells of the anterior pituitary gland. However, a small percentage of them have an aggressive behavior, showing resistance and/or multiple

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Yong Lin
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Xiaofei Jiang
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Ye Shen Department of Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Endocrinology and Diabetologia, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, 12 Central Urumqi Road, Shanghai 200040, People's Republic of China

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Min Li
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Huili Ma
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Mingzhao Xing Department of Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Endocrinology and Diabetologia, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, 12 Central Urumqi Road, Shanghai 200040, People's Republic of China

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Yuan Lu
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et al . 2002 , Byun et al . 2003 , Samuels et al . 2004 , Wu et al . 2005 , Kozaki et al . 2006 ). Pituitary tumors are common endocrine neoplastic diseases. Multiple tumor-promoting factors or signaling pathways are known to be involved

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M Fuertes Instituto de Investigación en Biomedicina de Buenos Aires (IBioBA) – CONICET – Partner Institute of the Max Planck Society, Buenos Aires, Argentina

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M Sapochnik Instituto de Investigación en Biomedicina de Buenos Aires (IBioBA) – CONICET – Partner Institute of the Max Planck Society, Buenos Aires, Argentina

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L Tedesco Instituto de Investigación en Biomedicina de Buenos Aires (IBioBA) – CONICET – Partner Institute of the Max Planck Society, Buenos Aires, Argentina

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S Senin Instituto de Investigación en Biomedicina de Buenos Aires (IBioBA) – CONICET – Partner Institute of the Max Planck Society, Buenos Aires, Argentina

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A Attorresi Instituto de Investigación en Biomedicina de Buenos Aires (IBioBA) – CONICET – Partner Institute of the Max Planck Society, Buenos Aires, Argentina

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P Ajler Servicio de Neurocirugía, Hospital Italiano, Buenos Aires, Argentina

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G Carrizo Servicio de Neurocirugía, Hospital Italiano, Buenos Aires, Argentina

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A Cervio Departamento de Neurocirugía, Fundación Para la Lucha Contra las Enfermedades Neurológicas de la Infancia (FLENI), Buenos Aires, Argentina

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G Sevlever Departamento de Neurocirugía, Fundación Para la Lucha Contra las Enfermedades Neurológicas de la Infancia (FLENI), Buenos Aires, Argentina

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J J Bonfiglio Instituto de Investigación en Biomedicina de Buenos Aires (IBioBA) – CONICET – Partner Institute of the Max Planck Society, Buenos Aires, Argentina

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G K Stalla Department of Clinical Research, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany

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E Arzt Instituto de Investigación en Biomedicina de Buenos Aires (IBioBA) – CONICET – Partner Institute of the Max Planck Society, Buenos Aires, Argentina
Departamento de Fisiología y Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina

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Introduction Considerable progress has been achieved in identifying mechanisms/factors that are involved in pituitary tumor initiation and progression ( Dworakowska & Grossman 2012 , Perez-Castro et al . 2012 , Gatto et al . 2013

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Juan Pablo Petiti Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud (INICSA), Centro de Microscopía Electrónica-Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina

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Liliana del Valle Sosa Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud (INICSA), Centro de Microscopía Electrónica-Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina

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Florencia Picech Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud (INICSA), Centro de Microscopía Electrónica-Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina

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Gabriela Deisi Moyano Crespo Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud (INICSA), Centro de Microscopía Electrónica-Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina

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Jean Zander Arevalo Rojas Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud (INICSA), Centro de Microscopía Electrónica-Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina

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Pablo Anibal Pérez Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud (INICSA), Centro de Microscopía Electrónica-Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina

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Carolina Beatriz Guido Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud (INICSA), Centro de Microscopía Electrónica-Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina

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Carolina Leimgruber Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud (INICSA), Centro de Microscopía Electrónica-Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina

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María Eugenia Sabatino Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud (INICSA), Centro de Microscopía Electrónica-Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina

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Pedro García Instituto de Radioterapia, Fundación Marie Curie, Córdoba, Argentina

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Verónica Bengio Servicio de Patología, Hospital Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina

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Francisco Roque Papalini Servicio de Neurocirugía, Hospital Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina

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Paula Estario Servicio de Endocrinología, Hospital Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina

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Celina Berhard Servicio de Patología, Clínica Reina Fabiola, Córdoba, Argentina

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Marcos Villarreal Instituto de Investigaciones en Físico-Química de Córdoba (INFIQC), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina

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Silvina Gutiérrez Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud (INICSA), Centro de Microscopía Electrónica-Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina

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Ana Lucía De Paul Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud (INICSA), Centro de Microscopía Electrónica-Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina

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Jorge Humberto Mukdsi Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud (INICSA), Centro de Microscopía Electrónica-Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina

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Alicia Inés Torres Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud (INICSA), Centro de Microscopía Electrónica-Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina

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the receptor HER2) has been the first to attain clinical use, mainly for the treatment of metastatic breast cancer ( Baselga et al . 1996 , Cobleigh et al . 1999 ). The expression of HER2 has been reported in pituitary tumors ( Ezzat et al . 1997

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Freya Mertens Department of Development and Regeneration, Department of Hand Surgery, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Eye Center of the 2nd Affiliated Hospital, Department of Imaging and Pathology, CITNOBA (National Research Council of Argentina), Laboratory of Pituitary Regulation, Unit Head and Neck Oncology, Research Group Experimental Oto‐Rhino‐Laryngology, Unit Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Research Group Experimental Neurosurgery and Neuroanatomy, Cluster Stem Cell Biology and Embryology, Research Unit of Stem Cell Research, KU Leuven (University of Leuven), Campus Gasthuisberg O&N4, Herestraat 49, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium

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Lies Gremeaux Department of Development and Regeneration, Department of Hand Surgery, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Eye Center of the 2nd Affiliated Hospital, Department of Imaging and Pathology, CITNOBA (National Research Council of Argentina), Laboratory of Pituitary Regulation, Unit Head and Neck Oncology, Research Group Experimental Oto‐Rhino‐Laryngology, Unit Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Research Group Experimental Neurosurgery and Neuroanatomy, Cluster Stem Cell Biology and Embryology, Research Unit of Stem Cell Research, KU Leuven (University of Leuven), Campus Gasthuisberg O&N4, Herestraat 49, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium

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Jianghai Chen Department of Development and Regeneration, Department of Hand Surgery, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Eye Center of the 2nd Affiliated Hospital, Department of Imaging and Pathology, CITNOBA (National Research Council of Argentina), Laboratory of Pituitary Regulation, Unit Head and Neck Oncology, Research Group Experimental Oto‐Rhino‐Laryngology, Unit Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Research Group Experimental Neurosurgery and Neuroanatomy, Cluster Stem Cell Biology and Embryology, Research Unit of Stem Cell Research, KU Leuven (University of Leuven), Campus Gasthuisberg O&N4, Herestraat 49, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
Department of Development and Regeneration, Department of Hand Surgery, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Eye Center of the 2nd Affiliated Hospital, Department of Imaging and Pathology, CITNOBA (National Research Council of Argentina), Laboratory of Pituitary Regulation, Unit Head and Neck Oncology, Research Group Experimental Oto‐Rhino‐Laryngology, Unit Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Research Group Experimental Neurosurgery and Neuroanatomy, Cluster Stem Cell Biology and Embryology, Research Unit of Stem Cell Research, KU Leuven (University of Leuven), Campus Gasthuisberg O&N4, Herestraat 49, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium

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Qiuli Fu Department of Development and Regeneration, Department of Hand Surgery, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Eye Center of the 2nd Affiliated Hospital, Department of Imaging and Pathology, CITNOBA (National Research Council of Argentina), Laboratory of Pituitary Regulation, Unit Head and Neck Oncology, Research Group Experimental Oto‐Rhino‐Laryngology, Unit Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Research Group Experimental Neurosurgery and Neuroanatomy, Cluster Stem Cell Biology and Embryology, Research Unit of Stem Cell Research, KU Leuven (University of Leuven), Campus Gasthuisberg O&N4, Herestraat 49, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
Department of Development and Regeneration, Department of Hand Surgery, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Eye Center of the 2nd Affiliated Hospital, Department of Imaging and Pathology, CITNOBA (National Research Council of Argentina), Laboratory of Pituitary Regulation, Unit Head and Neck Oncology, Research Group Experimental Oto‐Rhino‐Laryngology, Unit Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Research Group Experimental Neurosurgery and Neuroanatomy, Cluster Stem Cell Biology and Embryology, Research Unit of Stem Cell Research, KU Leuven (University of Leuven), Campus Gasthuisberg O&N4, Herestraat 49, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
Department of Development and Regeneration, Department of Hand Surgery, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Eye Center of the 2nd Affiliated Hospital, Department of Imaging and Pathology, CITNOBA (National Research Council of Argentina), Laboratory of Pituitary Regulation, Unit Head and Neck Oncology, Research Group Experimental Oto‐Rhino‐Laryngology, Unit Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Research Group Experimental Neurosurgery and Neuroanatomy, Cluster Stem Cell Biology and Embryology, Research Unit of Stem Cell Research, KU Leuven (University of Leuven), Campus Gasthuisberg O&N4, Herestraat 49, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium

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Christophe Willems Department of Development and Regeneration, Department of Hand Surgery, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Eye Center of the 2nd Affiliated Hospital, Department of Imaging and Pathology, CITNOBA (National Research Council of Argentina), Laboratory of Pituitary Regulation, Unit Head and Neck Oncology, Research Group Experimental Oto‐Rhino‐Laryngology, Unit Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Research Group Experimental Neurosurgery and Neuroanatomy, Cluster Stem Cell Biology and Embryology, Research Unit of Stem Cell Research, KU Leuven (University of Leuven), Campus Gasthuisberg O&N4, Herestraat 49, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium

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Heleen Roose Department of Development and Regeneration, Department of Hand Surgery, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Eye Center of the 2nd Affiliated Hospital, Department of Imaging and Pathology, CITNOBA (National Research Council of Argentina), Laboratory of Pituitary Regulation, Unit Head and Neck Oncology, Research Group Experimental Oto‐Rhino‐Laryngology, Unit Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Research Group Experimental Neurosurgery and Neuroanatomy, Cluster Stem Cell Biology and Embryology, Research Unit of Stem Cell Research, KU Leuven (University of Leuven), Campus Gasthuisberg O&N4, Herestraat 49, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium

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Olivier Govaere Department of Development and Regeneration, Department of Hand Surgery, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Eye Center of the 2nd Affiliated Hospital, Department of Imaging and Pathology, CITNOBA (National Research Council of Argentina), Laboratory of Pituitary Regulation, Unit Head and Neck Oncology, Research Group Experimental Oto‐Rhino‐Laryngology, Unit Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Research Group Experimental Neurosurgery and Neuroanatomy, Cluster Stem Cell Biology and Embryology, Research Unit of Stem Cell Research, KU Leuven (University of Leuven), Campus Gasthuisberg O&N4, Herestraat 49, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium

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Tania Roskams Department of Development and Regeneration, Department of Hand Surgery, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Eye Center of the 2nd Affiliated Hospital, Department of Imaging and Pathology, CITNOBA (National Research Council of Argentina), Laboratory of Pituitary Regulation, Unit Head and Neck Oncology, Research Group Experimental Oto‐Rhino‐Laryngology, Unit Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Research Group Experimental Neurosurgery and Neuroanatomy, Cluster Stem Cell Biology and Embryology, Research Unit of Stem Cell Research, KU Leuven (University of Leuven), Campus Gasthuisberg O&N4, Herestraat 49, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium

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Carolina Cristina Department of Development and Regeneration, Department of Hand Surgery, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Eye Center of the 2nd Affiliated Hospital, Department of Imaging and Pathology, CITNOBA (National Research Council of Argentina), Laboratory of Pituitary Regulation, Unit Head and Neck Oncology, Research Group Experimental Oto‐Rhino‐Laryngology, Unit Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Research Group Experimental Neurosurgery and Neuroanatomy, Cluster Stem Cell Biology and Embryology, Research Unit of Stem Cell Research, KU Leuven (University of Leuven), Campus Gasthuisberg O&N4, Herestraat 49, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium

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Damasia Becú-Villalobos Department of Development and Regeneration, Department of Hand Surgery, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Eye Center of the 2nd Affiliated Hospital, Department of Imaging and Pathology, CITNOBA (National Research Council of Argentina), Laboratory of Pituitary Regulation, Unit Head and Neck Oncology, Research Group Experimental Oto‐Rhino‐Laryngology, Unit Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Research Group Experimental Neurosurgery and Neuroanatomy, Cluster Stem Cell Biology and Embryology, Research Unit of Stem Cell Research, KU Leuven (University of Leuven), Campus Gasthuisberg O&N4, Herestraat 49, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium

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Mark Jorissen Department of Development and Regeneration, Department of Hand Surgery, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Eye Center of the 2nd Affiliated Hospital, Department of Imaging and Pathology, CITNOBA (National Research Council of Argentina), Laboratory of Pituitary Regulation, Unit Head and Neck Oncology, Research Group Experimental Oto‐Rhino‐Laryngology, Unit Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Research Group Experimental Neurosurgery and Neuroanatomy, Cluster Stem Cell Biology and Embryology, Research Unit of Stem Cell Research, KU Leuven (University of Leuven), Campus Gasthuisberg O&N4, Herestraat 49, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium

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Vincent Vander Poorten Department of Development and Regeneration, Department of Hand Surgery, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Eye Center of the 2nd Affiliated Hospital, Department of Imaging and Pathology, CITNOBA (National Research Council of Argentina), Laboratory of Pituitary Regulation, Unit Head and Neck Oncology, Research Group Experimental Oto‐Rhino‐Laryngology, Unit Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Research Group Experimental Neurosurgery and Neuroanatomy, Cluster Stem Cell Biology and Embryology, Research Unit of Stem Cell Research, KU Leuven (University of Leuven), Campus Gasthuisberg O&N4, Herestraat 49, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium

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Marie Bex Department of Development and Regeneration, Department of Hand Surgery, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Eye Center of the 2nd Affiliated Hospital, Department of Imaging and Pathology, CITNOBA (National Research Council of Argentina), Laboratory of Pituitary Regulation, Unit Head and Neck Oncology, Research Group Experimental Oto‐Rhino‐Laryngology, Unit Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Research Group Experimental Neurosurgery and Neuroanatomy, Cluster Stem Cell Biology and Embryology, Research Unit of Stem Cell Research, KU Leuven (University of Leuven), Campus Gasthuisberg O&N4, Herestraat 49, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium

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Johannes van Loon Department of Development and Regeneration, Department of Hand Surgery, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Eye Center of the 2nd Affiliated Hospital, Department of Imaging and Pathology, CITNOBA (National Research Council of Argentina), Laboratory of Pituitary Regulation, Unit Head and Neck Oncology, Research Group Experimental Oto‐Rhino‐Laryngology, Unit Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Research Group Experimental Neurosurgery and Neuroanatomy, Cluster Stem Cell Biology and Embryology, Research Unit of Stem Cell Research, KU Leuven (University of Leuven), Campus Gasthuisberg O&N4, Herestraat 49, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium

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Hugo Vankelecom Department of Development and Regeneration, Department of Hand Surgery, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Eye Center of the 2nd Affiliated Hospital, Department of Imaging and Pathology, CITNOBA (National Research Council of Argentina), Laboratory of Pituitary Regulation, Unit Head and Neck Oncology, Research Group Experimental Oto‐Rhino‐Laryngology, Unit Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Research Group Experimental Neurosurgery and Neuroanatomy, Cluster Stem Cell Biology and Embryology, Research Unit of Stem Cell Research, KU Leuven (University of Leuven), Campus Gasthuisberg O&N4, Herestraat 49, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium

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Introduction Pituitary tumors are generally benign adenomas. Radiology and autopsy, being performed for reasons other than pituitary-related medical ones, show a high prevalence of 10–15% in the overall population, although most of these lesions are

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Luis V Syro Department of Neurosurgery, Hospital Pablo Tobon Uribe and Clinica Medellin, Medellin, Colombia

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Fabio Rotondo Division of Pathology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, St. Michael’s Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

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Leon D Ortiz Division of Neuro-Oncology, Instituto de Cancerologia, Clinica Las Americas. Medellin, Colombia

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Kalman Kovacs Division of Pathology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, St. Michael’s Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

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are rare and account for approximately 0.12% of PAs in the German Pituitary Tumor Registry ( Saeger et al . 2007 ). Its etiology is not clear and two possible mechanisms have been proposed: (i) step-wise transformation from an adenoma to an invasive

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