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Britt B M Suelmann Department of Medical Oncology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands

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Carmen van Dooijeweert Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands

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Carsten F J Bakhuis Department of Medical Oncology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands

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Sabine Linn Department of Medical Oncology, Netherlands Cancer Institute (AVL-NKI), Amsterdam, The Netherlands

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Elsken van der Wall Department of Medical Oncology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands

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Paul J van Diest Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands

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Introduction Breast cancer is the most common type of invasive cancer among pregnant women ( Smith et al. 2003 ) and has been reported to affect 1 in 3000 to 10,000 pregnancies ( Antonelli et al. 1996 , Loibl et al. 2006 ). The average

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Helena Schock Division of Cancer Epidemiology, Department of Medical Biosciences, Unit of Sexual and Reproductive Health, Departments of Population Health and Environmental Medicine, New York University Cancer Institute, Finnish Cancer Registry, School of Health Sciences, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, Public Health and Clinical Medicine: Nutritional Research, German Cancer Research Center, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
Division of Cancer Epidemiology, Department of Medical Biosciences, Unit of Sexual and Reproductive Health, Departments of Population Health and Environmental Medicine, New York University Cancer Institute, Finnish Cancer Registry, School of Health Sciences, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, Public Health and Clinical Medicine: Nutritional Research, German Cancer Research Center, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, Heidelberg 69120, Germany

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Heljä-Marja Surcel Division of Cancer Epidemiology, Department of Medical Biosciences, Unit of Sexual and Reproductive Health, Departments of Population Health and Environmental Medicine, New York University Cancer Institute, Finnish Cancer Registry, School of Health Sciences, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, Public Health and Clinical Medicine: Nutritional Research, German Cancer Research Center, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, Heidelberg 69120, Germany

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Anne Zeleniuch-Jacquotte Division of Cancer Epidemiology, Department of Medical Biosciences, Unit of Sexual and Reproductive Health, Departments of Population Health and Environmental Medicine, New York University Cancer Institute, Finnish Cancer Registry, School of Health Sciences, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, Public Health and Clinical Medicine: Nutritional Research, German Cancer Research Center, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
Division of Cancer Epidemiology, Department of Medical Biosciences, Unit of Sexual and Reproductive Health, Departments of Population Health and Environmental Medicine, New York University Cancer Institute, Finnish Cancer Registry, School of Health Sciences, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, Public Health and Clinical Medicine: Nutritional Research, German Cancer Research Center, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, Heidelberg 69120, Germany

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Kjell Grankvist Division of Cancer Epidemiology, Department of Medical Biosciences, Unit of Sexual and Reproductive Health, Departments of Population Health and Environmental Medicine, New York University Cancer Institute, Finnish Cancer Registry, School of Health Sciences, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, Public Health and Clinical Medicine: Nutritional Research, German Cancer Research Center, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, Heidelberg 69120, Germany

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Hans-Åke Lakso Division of Cancer Epidemiology, Department of Medical Biosciences, Unit of Sexual and Reproductive Health, Departments of Population Health and Environmental Medicine, New York University Cancer Institute, Finnish Cancer Registry, School of Health Sciences, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, Public Health and Clinical Medicine: Nutritional Research, German Cancer Research Center, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, Heidelberg 69120, Germany

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Renée Turzanski Fortner Division of Cancer Epidemiology, Department of Medical Biosciences, Unit of Sexual and Reproductive Health, Departments of Population Health and Environmental Medicine, New York University Cancer Institute, Finnish Cancer Registry, School of Health Sciences, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, Public Health and Clinical Medicine: Nutritional Research, German Cancer Research Center, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, Heidelberg 69120, Germany

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Rudolf Kaaks Division of Cancer Epidemiology, Department of Medical Biosciences, Unit of Sexual and Reproductive Health, Departments of Population Health and Environmental Medicine, New York University Cancer Institute, Finnish Cancer Registry, School of Health Sciences, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, Public Health and Clinical Medicine: Nutritional Research, German Cancer Research Center, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, Heidelberg 69120, Germany

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Eero Pukkala Division of Cancer Epidemiology, Department of Medical Biosciences, Unit of Sexual and Reproductive Health, Departments of Population Health and Environmental Medicine, New York University Cancer Institute, Finnish Cancer Registry, School of Health Sciences, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, Public Health and Clinical Medicine: Nutritional Research, German Cancer Research Center, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
Division of Cancer Epidemiology, Department of Medical Biosciences, Unit of Sexual and Reproductive Health, Departments of Population Health and Environmental Medicine, New York University Cancer Institute, Finnish Cancer Registry, School of Health Sciences, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, Public Health and Clinical Medicine: Nutritional Research, German Cancer Research Center, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, Heidelberg 69120, Germany

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Matti Lehtinen Division of Cancer Epidemiology, Department of Medical Biosciences, Unit of Sexual and Reproductive Health, Departments of Population Health and Environmental Medicine, New York University Cancer Institute, Finnish Cancer Registry, School of Health Sciences, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, Public Health and Clinical Medicine: Nutritional Research, German Cancer Research Center, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, Heidelberg 69120, Germany

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Paolo Toniolo Division of Cancer Epidemiology, Department of Medical Biosciences, Unit of Sexual and Reproductive Health, Departments of Population Health and Environmental Medicine, New York University Cancer Institute, Finnish Cancer Registry, School of Health Sciences, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, Public Health and Clinical Medicine: Nutritional Research, German Cancer Research Center, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
Division of Cancer Epidemiology, Department of Medical Biosciences, Unit of Sexual and Reproductive Health, Departments of Population Health and Environmental Medicine, New York University Cancer Institute, Finnish Cancer Registry, School of Health Sciences, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, Public Health and Clinical Medicine: Nutritional Research, German Cancer Research Center, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
Division of Cancer Epidemiology, Department of Medical Biosciences, Unit of Sexual and Reproductive Health, Departments of Population Health and Environmental Medicine, New York University Cancer Institute, Finnish Cancer Registry, School of Health Sciences, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, Public Health and Clinical Medicine: Nutritional Research, German Cancer Research Center, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, Heidelberg 69120, Germany

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Eva Lundin Division of Cancer Epidemiology, Department of Medical Biosciences, Unit of Sexual and Reproductive Health, Departments of Population Health and Environmental Medicine, New York University Cancer Institute, Finnish Cancer Registry, School of Health Sciences, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, Public Health and Clinical Medicine: Nutritional Research, German Cancer Research Center, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
Division of Cancer Epidemiology, Department of Medical Biosciences, Unit of Sexual and Reproductive Health, Departments of Population Health and Environmental Medicine, New York University Cancer Institute, Finnish Cancer Registry, School of Health Sciences, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, Public Health and Clinical Medicine: Nutritional Research, German Cancer Research Center, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, Heidelberg 69120, Germany

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to be involved in the etiology of EOC, as there are well-established associations between reproductive characteristics affecting sex steroid concentrations and EOC. Examples include the protective effect of pregnancy and the use of oral contraceptives

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Hatem A Azim Jr Department of Medicine Institut Jules Bordet, BrEAST Data Centre, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Boulevard de Waterloo, 121, 1000 Brussels, Belgium

Breast Cancer Translational Research Laboratory (BCTL) J. C. Heuson Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium

Fertility and Procreation Unit Department of Gynecologic Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy

Translational Breast Cancer Genomic Lab Cancer Therapeutics Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia

Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia

Vesalius Research Centre VIB, Leuven, Belgium

Laboratory of Translational Genetics Department of Oncology, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

Department of Pathology Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy

Department of Medicine Medical Oncology Clinic, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
Department of Medicine Institut Jules Bordet, BrEAST Data Centre, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Boulevard de Waterloo, 121, 1000 Brussels, Belgium

Breast Cancer Translational Research Laboratory (BCTL) J. C. Heuson Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium

Fertility and Procreation Unit Department of Gynecologic Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy

Translational Breast Cancer Genomic Lab Cancer Therapeutics Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia

Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia

Vesalius Research Centre VIB, Leuven, Belgium

Laboratory of Translational Genetics Department of Oncology, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

Department of Pathology Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy

Department of Medicine Medical Oncology Clinic, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium

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Sylvain Brohée Department of Medicine Institut Jules Bordet, BrEAST Data Centre, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Boulevard de Waterloo, 121, 1000 Brussels, Belgium

Breast Cancer Translational Research Laboratory (BCTL) J. C. Heuson Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium

Fertility and Procreation Unit Department of Gynecologic Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy

Translational Breast Cancer Genomic Lab Cancer Therapeutics Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia

Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia

Vesalius Research Centre VIB, Leuven, Belgium

Laboratory of Translational Genetics Department of Oncology, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

Department of Pathology Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy

Department of Medicine Medical Oncology Clinic, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium

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Fedro A Peccatori Department of Medicine Institut Jules Bordet, BrEAST Data Centre, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Boulevard de Waterloo, 121, 1000 Brussels, Belgium

Breast Cancer Translational Research Laboratory (BCTL) J. C. Heuson Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium

Fertility and Procreation Unit Department of Gynecologic Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy

Translational Breast Cancer Genomic Lab Cancer Therapeutics Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia

Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia

Vesalius Research Centre VIB, Leuven, Belgium

Laboratory of Translational Genetics Department of Oncology, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

Department of Pathology Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy

Department of Medicine Medical Oncology Clinic, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium

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Christine Desmedt Department of Medicine Institut Jules Bordet, BrEAST Data Centre, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Boulevard de Waterloo, 121, 1000 Brussels, Belgium

Breast Cancer Translational Research Laboratory (BCTL) J. C. Heuson Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium

Fertility and Procreation Unit Department of Gynecologic Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy

Translational Breast Cancer Genomic Lab Cancer Therapeutics Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia

Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia

Vesalius Research Centre VIB, Leuven, Belgium

Laboratory of Translational Genetics Department of Oncology, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

Department of Pathology Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy

Department of Medicine Medical Oncology Clinic, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium

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Sherene Loi Department of Medicine Institut Jules Bordet, BrEAST Data Centre, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Boulevard de Waterloo, 121, 1000 Brussels, Belgium

Breast Cancer Translational Research Laboratory (BCTL) J. C. Heuson Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium

Fertility and Procreation Unit Department of Gynecologic Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy

Translational Breast Cancer Genomic Lab Cancer Therapeutics Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia

Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia

Vesalius Research Centre VIB, Leuven, Belgium

Laboratory of Translational Genetics Department of Oncology, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

Department of Pathology Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy

Department of Medicine Medical Oncology Clinic, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
Department of Medicine Institut Jules Bordet, BrEAST Data Centre, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Boulevard de Waterloo, 121, 1000 Brussels, Belgium

Breast Cancer Translational Research Laboratory (BCTL) J. C. Heuson Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium

Fertility and Procreation Unit Department of Gynecologic Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy

Translational Breast Cancer Genomic Lab Cancer Therapeutics Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia

Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia

Vesalius Research Centre VIB, Leuven, Belgium

Laboratory of Translational Genetics Department of Oncology, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

Department of Pathology Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy

Department of Medicine Medical Oncology Clinic, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium

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Diether Lambrechts Department of Medicine Institut Jules Bordet, BrEAST Data Centre, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Boulevard de Waterloo, 121, 1000 Brussels, Belgium

Breast Cancer Translational Research Laboratory (BCTL) J. C. Heuson Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium

Fertility and Procreation Unit Department of Gynecologic Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy

Translational Breast Cancer Genomic Lab Cancer Therapeutics Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia

Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia

Vesalius Research Centre VIB, Leuven, Belgium

Laboratory of Translational Genetics Department of Oncology, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

Department of Pathology Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy

Department of Medicine Medical Oncology Clinic, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
Department of Medicine Institut Jules Bordet, BrEAST Data Centre, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Boulevard de Waterloo, 121, 1000 Brussels, Belgium

Breast Cancer Translational Research Laboratory (BCTL) J. C. Heuson Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium

Fertility and Procreation Unit Department of Gynecologic Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy

Translational Breast Cancer Genomic Lab Cancer Therapeutics Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia

Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia

Vesalius Research Centre VIB, Leuven, Belgium

Laboratory of Translational Genetics Department of Oncology, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

Department of Pathology Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy

Department of Medicine Medical Oncology Clinic, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium

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Patrizia Dell'Orto Department of Medicine Institut Jules Bordet, BrEAST Data Centre, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Boulevard de Waterloo, 121, 1000 Brussels, Belgium

Breast Cancer Translational Research Laboratory (BCTL) J. C. Heuson Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium

Fertility and Procreation Unit Department of Gynecologic Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy

Translational Breast Cancer Genomic Lab Cancer Therapeutics Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia

Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia

Vesalius Research Centre VIB, Leuven, Belgium

Laboratory of Translational Genetics Department of Oncology, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

Department of Pathology Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy

Department of Medicine Medical Oncology Clinic, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium

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Samira Majjaj Department of Medicine Institut Jules Bordet, BrEAST Data Centre, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Boulevard de Waterloo, 121, 1000 Brussels, Belgium

Breast Cancer Translational Research Laboratory (BCTL) J. C. Heuson Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium

Fertility and Procreation Unit Department of Gynecologic Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy

Translational Breast Cancer Genomic Lab Cancer Therapeutics Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia

Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia

Vesalius Research Centre VIB, Leuven, Belgium

Laboratory of Translational Genetics Department of Oncology, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

Department of Pathology Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy

Department of Medicine Medical Oncology Clinic, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium

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Vinu Jose Department of Medicine Institut Jules Bordet, BrEAST Data Centre, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Boulevard de Waterloo, 121, 1000 Brussels, Belgium

Breast Cancer Translational Research Laboratory (BCTL) J. C. Heuson Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium

Fertility and Procreation Unit Department of Gynecologic Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy

Translational Breast Cancer Genomic Lab Cancer Therapeutics Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia

Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia

Vesalius Research Centre VIB, Leuven, Belgium

Laboratory of Translational Genetics Department of Oncology, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

Department of Pathology Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy

Department of Medicine Medical Oncology Clinic, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium

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Nicole Rotmensz Department of Medicine Institut Jules Bordet, BrEAST Data Centre, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Boulevard de Waterloo, 121, 1000 Brussels, Belgium

Breast Cancer Translational Research Laboratory (BCTL) J. C. Heuson Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium

Fertility and Procreation Unit Department of Gynecologic Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy

Translational Breast Cancer Genomic Lab Cancer Therapeutics Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia

Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia

Vesalius Research Centre VIB, Leuven, Belgium

Laboratory of Translational Genetics Department of Oncology, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

Department of Pathology Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy

Department of Medicine Medical Oncology Clinic, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium

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Michail Ignatiadis Department of Medicine Institut Jules Bordet, BrEAST Data Centre, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Boulevard de Waterloo, 121, 1000 Brussels, Belgium

Breast Cancer Translational Research Laboratory (BCTL) J. C. Heuson Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium

Fertility and Procreation Unit Department of Gynecologic Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy

Translational Breast Cancer Genomic Lab Cancer Therapeutics Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia

Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia

Vesalius Research Centre VIB, Leuven, Belgium

Laboratory of Translational Genetics Department of Oncology, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

Department of Pathology Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy

Department of Medicine Medical Oncology Clinic, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
Department of Medicine Institut Jules Bordet, BrEAST Data Centre, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Boulevard de Waterloo, 121, 1000 Brussels, Belgium

Breast Cancer Translational Research Laboratory (BCTL) J. C. Heuson Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium

Fertility and Procreation Unit Department of Gynecologic Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy

Translational Breast Cancer Genomic Lab Cancer Therapeutics Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia

Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia

Vesalius Research Centre VIB, Leuven, Belgium

Laboratory of Translational Genetics Department of Oncology, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

Department of Pathology Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy

Department of Medicine Medical Oncology Clinic, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium

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Giancarlo Pruneri Department of Medicine Institut Jules Bordet, BrEAST Data Centre, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Boulevard de Waterloo, 121, 1000 Brussels, Belgium

Breast Cancer Translational Research Laboratory (BCTL) J. C. Heuson Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium

Fertility and Procreation Unit Department of Gynecologic Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy

Translational Breast Cancer Genomic Lab Cancer Therapeutics Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia

Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia

Vesalius Research Centre VIB, Leuven, Belgium

Laboratory of Translational Genetics Department of Oncology, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

Department of Pathology Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy

Department of Medicine Medical Oncology Clinic, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium

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Martine Piccart Department of Medicine Institut Jules Bordet, BrEAST Data Centre, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Boulevard de Waterloo, 121, 1000 Brussels, Belgium

Breast Cancer Translational Research Laboratory (BCTL) J. C. Heuson Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium

Fertility and Procreation Unit Department of Gynecologic Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy

Translational Breast Cancer Genomic Lab Cancer Therapeutics Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia

Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia

Vesalius Research Centre VIB, Leuven, Belgium

Laboratory of Translational Genetics Department of Oncology, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

Department of Pathology Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy

Department of Medicine Medical Oncology Clinic, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium

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Giuseppe Viale Department of Medicine Institut Jules Bordet, BrEAST Data Centre, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Boulevard de Waterloo, 121, 1000 Brussels, Belgium

Breast Cancer Translational Research Laboratory (BCTL) J. C. Heuson Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium

Fertility and Procreation Unit Department of Gynecologic Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy

Translational Breast Cancer Genomic Lab Cancer Therapeutics Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia

Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia

Vesalius Research Centre VIB, Leuven, Belgium

Laboratory of Translational Genetics Department of Oncology, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

Department of Pathology Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy

Department of Medicine Medical Oncology Clinic, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium

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Christos Sotiriou Department of Medicine Institut Jules Bordet, BrEAST Data Centre, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Boulevard de Waterloo, 121, 1000 Brussels, Belgium

Breast Cancer Translational Research Laboratory (BCTL) J. C. Heuson Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium

Fertility and Procreation Unit Department of Gynecologic Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy

Translational Breast Cancer Genomic Lab Cancer Therapeutics Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia

Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia

Vesalius Research Centre VIB, Leuven, Belgium

Laboratory of Translational Genetics Department of Oncology, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

Department of Pathology Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy

Department of Medicine Medical Oncology Clinic, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
Department of Medicine Institut Jules Bordet, BrEAST Data Centre, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Boulevard de Waterloo, 121, 1000 Brussels, Belgium

Breast Cancer Translational Research Laboratory (BCTL) J. C. Heuson Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium

Fertility and Procreation Unit Department of Gynecologic Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy

Translational Breast Cancer Genomic Lab Cancer Therapeutics Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia

Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia

Vesalius Research Centre VIB, Leuven, Belgium

Laboratory of Translational Genetics Department of Oncology, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

Department of Pathology Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy

Department of Medicine Medical Oncology Clinic, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium

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unique situations that young women with breast cancer may face is pregnancy. The fact that breast cancer is a hormonally driven tumor, and given the considerable structural changes that occur in the breast during pregnancy, raises concerns on the

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Thalles Fernando Rocha Ruiz Department of Biology, Institute of Biosciences, Humanities and Exact Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Jardim Nazareth, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil

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Simone J Colleta Department of Biology, Institute of Biosciences, Humanities and Exact Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Jardim Nazareth, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil

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Ellen C R Leonel Department of Histology, Embryology and Cell Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences (ICB III), Federal University of Goiás (UFG), Campus Samambaia, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil

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Sebastião Roberto Taboga Department of Biology, Institute of Biosciences, Humanities and Exact Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Jardim Nazareth, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil

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stages of susceptibility that this gland undergoes during a woman’s life ( Terry et al. 2019 ). Pregnancy and lactation are two windows of susceptibility where MG is subjected to major morphological compartment rearrangements to perform its

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Kara Britt Institute of Cancer Research,, The Garvan Institute of Medical Research,, The Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, 237 Fulham Road, London SW3 6JB, UK
Institute of Cancer Research,, The Garvan Institute of Medical Research,, The Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, 237 Fulham Road, London SW3 6JB, UK

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Alan Ashworth Institute of Cancer Research,, The Garvan Institute of Medical Research,, The Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, 237 Fulham Road, London SW3 6JB, UK

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Matthew Smalley Institute of Cancer Research,, The Garvan Institute of Medical Research,, The Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, 237 Fulham Road, London SW3 6JB, UK

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-term pregnancy/birth (FFTB) before 20 years of age have a 50% reduced lifetime risk of developing breast cancer when compared with nulliparous women ( MacMahon et al . 1970 ), whereas first full-term births over 35 years of age lead to an increased risk of

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Jianguang Ji
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Jan Sundquist
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Kari Hemminki
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Introduction The physiology of twin and singleton pregnancies differ, as characterized by higher levels of estradiol and testosterone during twin pregnancy, and higher concentrations of follicle-stimulating hormone and sex hormone

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Daniel Medina Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas 77030, USA

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menopause, parity, and late age of first pregnancy are each independent risk factors. It has been estimated that breast cancer risk is reduced 10–20% for each year of delay in the onset of menarche ( Henderson et al. 1991 , Harris et al. 1992 ). It is

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Yuet-Kin Leung Department of Environmental Health, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
Center for Environmental Genetics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
Cincinnati Cancer Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA

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Vinothini Govindarajah Department of Environmental Health, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
Center for Environmental Genetics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA

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Ana Cheong Department of Environmental Health, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
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Robin Gear Center for Environmental Genetics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
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Xuegong Zhu Department of Environmental Health, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
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Jun Ying Department of Environmental Health, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
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Ady Kendler Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA

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Scott Belcher Center for Environmental Genetics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
Department of Pharmacology and Cell Biophysics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA

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Shuk-Mei Ho Department of Environmental Health, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
Center for Environmental Genetics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
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Cincinnati Veteran Affairs Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA

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et al . 1993 ). Maternal exposures to endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) and certain dietary factors during pregnancy have been reported to be associated with increased mammary tumorigenesis among female offspring ( Prentice et al . 2006

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Patricia de Cremoux Unité de Pharmacologie, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Laboratoire d'Oncobiologie, Department of Pathology, Department of Endocrinology, Department of Endocrinology, Faculté de Médecine Paris-Ile de France Ouest, INSERM, Département d'Endocrinologie Métabolisme and Cancer, CNRS, Faculté de Médecine René Descartes, Institut Curie, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75005 Paris, France

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Dan Rosenberg Unité de Pharmacologie, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Laboratoire d'Oncobiologie, Department of Pathology, Department of Endocrinology, Department of Endocrinology, Faculté de Médecine Paris-Ile de France Ouest, INSERM, Département d'Endocrinologie Métabolisme and Cancer, CNRS, Faculté de Médecine René Descartes, Institut Curie, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75005 Paris, France

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Jacques Goussard Unité de Pharmacologie, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Laboratoire d'Oncobiologie, Department of Pathology, Department of Endocrinology, Department of Endocrinology, Faculté de Médecine Paris-Ile de France Ouest, INSERM, Département d'Endocrinologie Métabolisme and Cancer, CNRS, Faculté de Médecine René Descartes, Institut Curie, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75005 Paris, France

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Catherine Brémont-Weil Unité de Pharmacologie, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Laboratoire d'Oncobiologie, Department of Pathology, Department of Endocrinology, Department of Endocrinology, Faculté de Médecine Paris-Ile de France Ouest, INSERM, Département d'Endocrinologie Métabolisme and Cancer, CNRS, Faculté de Médecine René Descartes, Institut Curie, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75005 Paris, France

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Frédérique Tissier Unité de Pharmacologie, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Laboratoire d'Oncobiologie, Department of Pathology, Department of Endocrinology, Department of Endocrinology, Faculté de Médecine Paris-Ile de France Ouest, INSERM, Département d'Endocrinologie Métabolisme and Cancer, CNRS, Faculté de Médecine René Descartes, Institut Curie, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75005 Paris, France
Unité de Pharmacologie, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Laboratoire d'Oncobiologie, Department of Pathology, Department of Endocrinology, Department of Endocrinology, Faculté de Médecine Paris-Ile de France Ouest, INSERM, Département d'Endocrinologie Métabolisme and Cancer, CNRS, Faculté de Médecine René Descartes, Institut Curie, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75005 Paris, France
Unité de Pharmacologie, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Laboratoire d'Oncobiologie, Department of Pathology, Department of Endocrinology, Department of Endocrinology, Faculté de Médecine Paris-Ile de France Ouest, INSERM, Département d'Endocrinologie Métabolisme and Cancer, CNRS, Faculté de Médecine René Descartes, Institut Curie, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75005 Paris, France
Unité de Pharmacologie, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Laboratoire d'Oncobiologie, Department of Pathology, Department of Endocrinology, Department of Endocrinology, Faculté de Médecine Paris-Ile de France Ouest, INSERM, Département d'Endocrinologie Métabolisme and Cancer, CNRS, Faculté de Médecine René Descartes, Institut Curie, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75005 Paris, France
Unité de Pharmacologie, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Laboratoire d'Oncobiologie, Department of Pathology, Department of Endocrinology, Department of Endocrinology, Faculté de Médecine Paris-Ile de France Ouest, INSERM, Département d'Endocrinologie Métabolisme and Cancer, CNRS, Faculté de Médecine René Descartes, Institut Curie, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75005 Paris, France

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Carine Tran-Perennou Unité de Pharmacologie, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Laboratoire d'Oncobiologie, Department of Pathology, Department of Endocrinology, Department of Endocrinology, Faculté de Médecine Paris-Ile de France Ouest, INSERM, Département d'Endocrinologie Métabolisme and Cancer, CNRS, Faculté de Médecine René Descartes, Institut Curie, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75005 Paris, France

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Lionnel Groussin Unité de Pharmacologie, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Laboratoire d'Oncobiologie, Department of Pathology, Department of Endocrinology, Department of Endocrinology, Faculté de Médecine Paris-Ile de France Ouest, INSERM, Département d'Endocrinologie Métabolisme and Cancer, CNRS, Faculté de Médecine René Descartes, Institut Curie, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75005 Paris, France
Unité de Pharmacologie, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Laboratoire d'Oncobiologie, Department of Pathology, Department of Endocrinology, Department of Endocrinology, Faculté de Médecine Paris-Ile de France Ouest, INSERM, Département d'Endocrinologie Métabolisme and Cancer, CNRS, Faculté de Médecine René Descartes, Institut Curie, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75005 Paris, France
Unité de Pharmacologie, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Laboratoire d'Oncobiologie, Department of Pathology, Department of Endocrinology, Department of Endocrinology, Faculté de Médecine Paris-Ile de France Ouest, INSERM, Département d'Endocrinologie Métabolisme and Cancer, CNRS, Faculté de Médecine René Descartes, Institut Curie, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75005 Paris, France
Unité de Pharmacologie, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Laboratoire d'Oncobiologie, Department of Pathology, Department of Endocrinology, Department of Endocrinology, Faculté de Médecine Paris-Ile de France Ouest, INSERM, Département d'Endocrinologie Métabolisme and Cancer, CNRS, Faculté de Médecine René Descartes, Institut Curie, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75005 Paris, France

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Xavier Bertagna Unité de Pharmacologie, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Laboratoire d'Oncobiologie, Department of Pathology, Department of Endocrinology, Department of Endocrinology, Faculté de Médecine Paris-Ile de France Ouest, INSERM, Département d'Endocrinologie Métabolisme and Cancer, CNRS, Faculté de Médecine René Descartes, Institut Curie, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75005 Paris, France
Unité de Pharmacologie, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Laboratoire d'Oncobiologie, Department of Pathology, Department of Endocrinology, Department of Endocrinology, Faculté de Médecine Paris-Ile de France Ouest, INSERM, Département d'Endocrinologie Métabolisme and Cancer, CNRS, Faculté de Médecine René Descartes, Institut Curie, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75005 Paris, France
Unité de Pharmacologie, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Laboratoire d'Oncobiologie, Department of Pathology, Department of Endocrinology, Department of Endocrinology, Faculté de Médecine Paris-Ile de France Ouest, INSERM, Département d'Endocrinologie Métabolisme and Cancer, CNRS, Faculté de Médecine René Descartes, Institut Curie, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75005 Paris, France
Unité de Pharmacologie, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Laboratoire d'Oncobiologie, Department of Pathology, Department of Endocrinology, Department of Endocrinology, Faculté de Médecine Paris-Ile de France Ouest, INSERM, Département d'Endocrinologie Métabolisme and Cancer, CNRS, Faculté de Médecine René Descartes, Institut Curie, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75005 Paris, France
Unité de Pharmacologie, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Laboratoire d'Oncobiologie, Department of Pathology, Department of Endocrinology, Department of Endocrinology, Faculté de Médecine Paris-Ile de France Ouest, INSERM, Département d'Endocrinologie Métabolisme and Cancer, CNRS, Faculté de Médecine René Descartes, Institut Curie, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75005 Paris, France

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Jérôme Bertherat Unité de Pharmacologie, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Laboratoire d'Oncobiologie, Department of Pathology, Department of Endocrinology, Department of Endocrinology, Faculté de Médecine Paris-Ile de France Ouest, INSERM, Département d'Endocrinologie Métabolisme and Cancer, CNRS, Faculté de Médecine René Descartes, Institut Curie, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75005 Paris, France
Unité de Pharmacologie, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Laboratoire d'Oncobiologie, Department of Pathology, Department of Endocrinology, Department of Endocrinology, Faculté de Médecine Paris-Ile de France Ouest, INSERM, Département d'Endocrinologie Métabolisme and Cancer, CNRS, Faculté de Médecine René Descartes, Institut Curie, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75005 Paris, France
Unité de Pharmacologie, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Laboratoire d'Oncobiologie, Department of Pathology, Department of Endocrinology, Department of Endocrinology, Faculté de Médecine Paris-Ile de France Ouest, INSERM, Département d'Endocrinologie Métabolisme and Cancer, CNRS, Faculté de Médecine René Descartes, Institut Curie, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75005 Paris, France
Unité de Pharmacologie, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Laboratoire d'Oncobiologie, Department of Pathology, Department of Endocrinology, Department of Endocrinology, Faculté de Médecine Paris-Ile de France Ouest, INSERM, Département d'Endocrinologie Métabolisme and Cancer, CNRS, Faculté de Médecine René Descartes, Institut Curie, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75005 Paris, France
Unité de Pharmacologie, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Laboratoire d'Oncobiologie, Department of Pathology, Department of Endocrinology, Department of Endocrinology, Faculté de Médecine Paris-Ile de France Ouest, INSERM, Département d'Endocrinologie Métabolisme and Cancer, CNRS, Faculté de Médecine René Descartes, Institut Curie, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75005 Paris, France

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Marie-Laure Raffin-Sanson Unité de Pharmacologie, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Laboratoire d'Oncobiologie, Department of Pathology, Department of Endocrinology, Department of Endocrinology, Faculté de Médecine Paris-Ile de France Ouest, INSERM, Département d'Endocrinologie Métabolisme and Cancer, CNRS, Faculté de Médecine René Descartes, Institut Curie, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75005 Paris, France
Unité de Pharmacologie, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Laboratoire d'Oncobiologie, Department of Pathology, Department of Endocrinology, Department of Endocrinology, Faculté de Médecine Paris-Ile de France Ouest, INSERM, Département d'Endocrinologie Métabolisme and Cancer, CNRS, Faculté de Médecine René Descartes, Institut Curie, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75005 Paris, France
Unité de Pharmacologie, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Laboratoire d'Oncobiologie, Department of Pathology, Department of Endocrinology, Department of Endocrinology, Faculté de Médecine Paris-Ile de France Ouest, INSERM, Département d'Endocrinologie Métabolisme and Cancer, CNRS, Faculté de Médecine René Descartes, Institut Curie, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75005 Paris, France
Unité de Pharmacologie, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Laboratoire d'Oncobiologie, Department of Pathology, Department of Endocrinology, Department of Endocrinology, Faculté de Médecine Paris-Ile de France Ouest, INSERM, Département d'Endocrinologie Métabolisme and Cancer, CNRS, Faculté de Médecine René Descartes, Institut Curie, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75005 Paris, France
Unité de Pharmacologie, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Laboratoire d'Oncobiologie, Department of Pathology, Department of Endocrinology, Department of Endocrinology, Faculté de Médecine Paris-Ile de France Ouest, INSERM, Département d'Endocrinologie Métabolisme and Cancer, CNRS, Faculté de Médecine René Descartes, Institut Curie, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75005 Paris, France
Unité de Pharmacologie, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Laboratoire d'Oncobiologie, Department of Pathology, Department of Endocrinology, Department of Endocrinology, Faculté de Médecine Paris-Ile de France Ouest, INSERM, Département d'Endocrinologie Métabolisme and Cancer, CNRS, Faculté de Médecine René Descartes, Institut Curie, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75005 Paris, France

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than men ( Luton et al . 1990 ). The prevalence of adrenocortical tumors is particularly high during pregnancy, accounting for 70% of all cases of Cushing's syndrome (CS) diagnosed in pregnant women ( Guilhaume et al . 1992 , Lindsay & Nieman 2006

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Amulya Sreekumar Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, DeBakey Building M638, Houston, Texas 77030, USA

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Kevin Roarty Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, DeBakey Building M638, Houston, Texas 77030, USA

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Jeffrey M Rosen Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, DeBakey Building M638, Houston, Texas 77030, USA

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pregnancy, lactation and involution, accompanied by dynamic changes in proliferation, differentiation, cell death and tissue remodeling, suggested that there exists a renewable stem or progenitor cell population underlying these processes. It was not until

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