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Helena Schock Division of Cancer Epidemiology, Department of Medical Biosciences, Unit of Sexual and Reproductive Health, Departments of Population Health and Environmental Medicine, New York University Cancer Institute, Finnish Cancer Registry, School of Health Sciences, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, Public Health and Clinical Medicine: Nutritional Research, German Cancer Research Center, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
Division of Cancer Epidemiology, Department of Medical Biosciences, Unit of Sexual and Reproductive Health, Departments of Population Health and Environmental Medicine, New York University Cancer Institute, Finnish Cancer Registry, School of Health Sciences, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, Public Health and Clinical Medicine: Nutritional Research, German Cancer Research Center, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, Heidelberg 69120, Germany

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Heljä-Marja Surcel Division of Cancer Epidemiology, Department of Medical Biosciences, Unit of Sexual and Reproductive Health, Departments of Population Health and Environmental Medicine, New York University Cancer Institute, Finnish Cancer Registry, School of Health Sciences, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, Public Health and Clinical Medicine: Nutritional Research, German Cancer Research Center, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, Heidelberg 69120, Germany

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Anne Zeleniuch-Jacquotte Division of Cancer Epidemiology, Department of Medical Biosciences, Unit of Sexual and Reproductive Health, Departments of Population Health and Environmental Medicine, New York University Cancer Institute, Finnish Cancer Registry, School of Health Sciences, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, Public Health and Clinical Medicine: Nutritional Research, German Cancer Research Center, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
Division of Cancer Epidemiology, Department of Medical Biosciences, Unit of Sexual and Reproductive Health, Departments of Population Health and Environmental Medicine, New York University Cancer Institute, Finnish Cancer Registry, School of Health Sciences, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, Public Health and Clinical Medicine: Nutritional Research, German Cancer Research Center, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, Heidelberg 69120, Germany

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Kjell Grankvist Division of Cancer Epidemiology, Department of Medical Biosciences, Unit of Sexual and Reproductive Health, Departments of Population Health and Environmental Medicine, New York University Cancer Institute, Finnish Cancer Registry, School of Health Sciences, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, Public Health and Clinical Medicine: Nutritional Research, German Cancer Research Center, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, Heidelberg 69120, Germany

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Hans-Åke Lakso Division of Cancer Epidemiology, Department of Medical Biosciences, Unit of Sexual and Reproductive Health, Departments of Population Health and Environmental Medicine, New York University Cancer Institute, Finnish Cancer Registry, School of Health Sciences, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, Public Health and Clinical Medicine: Nutritional Research, German Cancer Research Center, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, Heidelberg 69120, Germany

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Renée Turzanski Fortner Division of Cancer Epidemiology, Department of Medical Biosciences, Unit of Sexual and Reproductive Health, Departments of Population Health and Environmental Medicine, New York University Cancer Institute, Finnish Cancer Registry, School of Health Sciences, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, Public Health and Clinical Medicine: Nutritional Research, German Cancer Research Center, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, Heidelberg 69120, Germany

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Rudolf Kaaks Division of Cancer Epidemiology, Department of Medical Biosciences, Unit of Sexual and Reproductive Health, Departments of Population Health and Environmental Medicine, New York University Cancer Institute, Finnish Cancer Registry, School of Health Sciences, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, Public Health and Clinical Medicine: Nutritional Research, German Cancer Research Center, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, Heidelberg 69120, Germany

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Eero Pukkala Division of Cancer Epidemiology, Department of Medical Biosciences, Unit of Sexual and Reproductive Health, Departments of Population Health and Environmental Medicine, New York University Cancer Institute, Finnish Cancer Registry, School of Health Sciences, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, Public Health and Clinical Medicine: Nutritional Research, German Cancer Research Center, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
Division of Cancer Epidemiology, Department of Medical Biosciences, Unit of Sexual and Reproductive Health, Departments of Population Health and Environmental Medicine, New York University Cancer Institute, Finnish Cancer Registry, School of Health Sciences, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, Public Health and Clinical Medicine: Nutritional Research, German Cancer Research Center, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, Heidelberg 69120, Germany

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Matti Lehtinen Division of Cancer Epidemiology, Department of Medical Biosciences, Unit of Sexual and Reproductive Health, Departments of Population Health and Environmental Medicine, New York University Cancer Institute, Finnish Cancer Registry, School of Health Sciences, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, Public Health and Clinical Medicine: Nutritional Research, German Cancer Research Center, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, Heidelberg 69120, Germany

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Paolo Toniolo Division of Cancer Epidemiology, Department of Medical Biosciences, Unit of Sexual and Reproductive Health, Departments of Population Health and Environmental Medicine, New York University Cancer Institute, Finnish Cancer Registry, School of Health Sciences, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, Public Health and Clinical Medicine: Nutritional Research, German Cancer Research Center, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
Division of Cancer Epidemiology, Department of Medical Biosciences, Unit of Sexual and Reproductive Health, Departments of Population Health and Environmental Medicine, New York University Cancer Institute, Finnish Cancer Registry, School of Health Sciences, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, Public Health and Clinical Medicine: Nutritional Research, German Cancer Research Center, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
Division of Cancer Epidemiology, Department of Medical Biosciences, Unit of Sexual and Reproductive Health, Departments of Population Health and Environmental Medicine, New York University Cancer Institute, Finnish Cancer Registry, School of Health Sciences, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, Public Health and Clinical Medicine: Nutritional Research, German Cancer Research Center, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, Heidelberg 69120, Germany

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Eva Lundin Division of Cancer Epidemiology, Department of Medical Biosciences, Unit of Sexual and Reproductive Health, Departments of Population Health and Environmental Medicine, New York University Cancer Institute, Finnish Cancer Registry, School of Health Sciences, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, Public Health and Clinical Medicine: Nutritional Research, German Cancer Research Center, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
Division of Cancer Epidemiology, Department of Medical Biosciences, Unit of Sexual and Reproductive Health, Departments of Population Health and Environmental Medicine, New York University Cancer Institute, Finnish Cancer Registry, School of Health Sciences, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, Public Health and Clinical Medicine: Nutritional Research, German Cancer Research Center, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, Heidelberg 69120, Germany

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long periods of ovulatory cycles ( Fathalla 1971 ), retrograde menstrual flow ( Cramer & Xu 1995 ), and endogenous, as well as exogenous, hormonal exposure ( Risch 1998 ). Sex steroid hormones (androgens, progesterone, and estradiol (E 2 )) are likely

Article Type:
Research Article
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1530/ERC-14-0282
Volume/Issue:
Volume 21: Issue 6
Free access
Clovis Boibessot Department of Surgery, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada

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Paul Toren Department of Surgery, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada

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Introduction The significance of androgens and other sex steroids during androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) continues as an area of further exploration over 70 years since Huggins and Hodges first described the androgen dependency of prostate

Article Type:
Review Article
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1530/ERC-17-0493
Volume/Issue:
Volume 25: Issue 3
Free access
Rie Shibuya
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Takashi Suzuki
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Yasuhiro Miki
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Kimako Yoshida
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Takuya Moriya
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Katsuhiko Ono
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Jun-ichi Akahira
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Takanori Ishida Department of Pathology, Department of Surgery, Department of Surgery, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research Basel, Tohoku University School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan

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Hisashi Hirakawa Department of Pathology, Department of Surgery, Department of Surgery, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research Basel, Tohoku University School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan

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Dean B Evans Department of Pathology, Department of Surgery, Department of Surgery, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research Basel, Tohoku University School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan

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Hironobu Sasano
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features of DCIS in order to improve clinical outcome of breast carcinoma patients. It is well known that breast tissue is a target for sex steroids. Among the sex steroids, estrogens greatly contribute to the growth of IDC ( Vihko & Apter 1989 ) and anti

Article Type:
Research Article
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1677/ERC-07-0092
Volume/Issue:
Volume 15: Issue 1
Free access
Evangelia-Ourania Fourkala Department of Gynecological Oncology, Department of Mathematics, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Department of Molecular Bioenergetics, Academic Health Science Centre, Institute for Women's Health, Gynecological Cancer Research Centre, University College London, 149 Tottenham Road, London W1T 7DN, UK

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Alexey Zaikin Department of Gynecological Oncology, Department of Mathematics, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Department of Molecular Bioenergetics, Academic Health Science Centre, Institute for Women's Health, Gynecological Cancer Research Centre, University College London, 149 Tottenham Road, London W1T 7DN, UK
Department of Gynecological Oncology, Department of Mathematics, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Department of Molecular Bioenergetics, Academic Health Science Centre, Institute for Women's Health, Gynecological Cancer Research Centre, University College London, 149 Tottenham Road, London W1T 7DN, UK

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Matthew Burnell Department of Gynecological Oncology, Department of Mathematics, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Department of Molecular Bioenergetics, Academic Health Science Centre, Institute for Women's Health, Gynecological Cancer Research Centre, University College London, 149 Tottenham Road, London W1T 7DN, UK

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Aleksandra Gentry-Maharaj Department of Gynecological Oncology, Department of Mathematics, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Department of Molecular Bioenergetics, Academic Health Science Centre, Institute for Women's Health, Gynecological Cancer Research Centre, University College London, 149 Tottenham Road, London W1T 7DN, UK

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Jeremy Ford Department of Gynecological Oncology, Department of Mathematics, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Department of Molecular Bioenergetics, Academic Health Science Centre, Institute for Women's Health, Gynecological Cancer Research Centre, University College London, 149 Tottenham Road, London W1T 7DN, UK

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Richard Gunu Department of Gynecological Oncology, Department of Mathematics, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Department of Molecular Bioenergetics, Academic Health Science Centre, Institute for Women's Health, Gynecological Cancer Research Centre, University College London, 149 Tottenham Road, London W1T 7DN, UK

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Christina Soromani Department of Gynecological Oncology, Department of Mathematics, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Department of Molecular Bioenergetics, Academic Health Science Centre, Institute for Women's Health, Gynecological Cancer Research Centre, University College London, 149 Tottenham Road, London W1T 7DN, UK

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Guido Hasenbrink Department of Gynecological Oncology, Department of Mathematics, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Department of Molecular Bioenergetics, Academic Health Science Centre, Institute for Women's Health, Gynecological Cancer Research Centre, University College London, 149 Tottenham Road, London W1T 7DN, UK

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Ian Jacobs Department of Gynecological Oncology, Department of Mathematics, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Department of Molecular Bioenergetics, Academic Health Science Centre, Institute for Women's Health, Gynecological Cancer Research Centre, University College London, 149 Tottenham Road, London W1T 7DN, UK

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Anne Dawnay Department of Gynecological Oncology, Department of Mathematics, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Department of Molecular Bioenergetics, Academic Health Science Centre, Institute for Women's Health, Gynecological Cancer Research Centre, University College London, 149 Tottenham Road, London W1T 7DN, UK

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Martin Widschwendter Department of Gynecological Oncology, Department of Mathematics, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Department of Molecular Bioenergetics, Academic Health Science Centre, Institute for Women's Health, Gynecological Cancer Research Centre, University College London, 149 Tottenham Road, London W1T 7DN, UK

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Hella Lichtenberg-Fraté Department of Gynecological Oncology, Department of Mathematics, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Department of Molecular Bioenergetics, Academic Health Science Centre, Institute for Women's Health, Gynecological Cancer Research Centre, University College London, 149 Tottenham Road, London W1T 7DN, UK

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Usha Menon Department of Gynecological Oncology, Department of Mathematics, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Department of Molecular Bioenergetics, Academic Health Science Centre, Institute for Women's Health, Gynecological Cancer Research Centre, University College London, 149 Tottenham Road, London W1T 7DN, UK

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highest quintiles have a twofold increased risk of breast cancer ( Key et al . 2002 ). Since then, a number of studies have reported conflicting results on the association of serum sex steroid hormones and breast cancer risk ( Lamar et al . 2003

Article Type:
Research Article
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1530/ERC-11-0310
Volume/Issue:
Volume 19: Issue 2
Open access
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Takashi Suzuki
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Yasuhiro Miki
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Yasuhiro Nakamura
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Takuya Moriya
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Kiyoshi Ito
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Noriaki Ohuchi
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Hironobu Sasano
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important to note that, in an intracrine system, serum concentrations of hormones do not necessarily reflect the local hormonal activity in the target tissues. Sex steroids, such as estrogens and androgens, play important roles in various target

Article Type:
Review Article
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1677/erc.1.00834
Volume/Issue:
Volume 12: Issue 4
Free access
Justin C Brown Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
LSU Health Sciences Center New Orleans School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
Stanley S. Scott Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA

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Kathleen Sturgeon Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA

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David B Sarwer Temple University College of Public Health, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA

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Andrea B Troxel New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA

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Angela M DeMichele Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA

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Crystal S Denlinger Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA

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Kathryn H Schmitz Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA

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biological mechanisms through which insufficient physical activity and obesity promote cancer recurrence and death in this population remain poorly understood. Sex steroid hormones are hypothesized as a biological mediator of these associations ( McTiernan

Article Type:
Research Article
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1530/ERC-22-0084
Volume/Issue:
Volume 29: Issue 8
Restricted access
Philipp Y Maximov Department of Breast Medical Oncology, MD Anderson Cancer Centre, Houston, Texas, USA

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Balkees Abderrahman Department of Breast Medical Oncology, MD Anderson Cancer Centre, Houston, Texas, USA

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Ramona F Curpan Institute of Chemistry, Romanian Academy, Timisoara, Romania

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Yousef M Hawsawi Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

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Ping Fan Department of Breast Medical Oncology, MD Anderson Cancer Centre, Houston, Texas, USA

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V Craig Jordan Department of Breast Medical Oncology, MD Anderson Cancer Centre, Houston, Texas, USA

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relentless rise in cancer. The goal of a cure remains. However, in practical terms, new affordable strategies are required for individuals affected by prostate or breast cancers to remain productive members of their families and society. The sex steroid

Article Type:
Review Article
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1530/ERC-17-0416
Volume/Issue:
Volume 25: Issue 2
Open access
Ju-Yeon Moon Molecular Recognition Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology

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Man Ho Choi Molecular Recognition Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology

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Jayoung Kim Departments of Surgery and Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA

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levels of cholesterol and sex steroid hormones are risk factors of urological disease ( Allott & Hursting 2015 ). A correlation has been studied, relating a typical Western diet to an increase in the risk of urological disease ( Ito 2014 , YuPeng et al

Article Type:
Review Article
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1530/ERC-16-0285
Volume/Issue:
Volume 23: Issue 10
Open access
S M Hyder Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, 134 Research Park Drive, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA

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of ovarian hormones. Since then, most studies have concentrated on developing our understanding of the role played by sex steroids in angiogenesis in uterine and ovarian tissue since there is evidence that neovascularization is influenced by ovarian

Article Type:
Review Article
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1677/erc.1.00931
Volume/Issue:
Volume 13: Issue 3
Free access
Cindy H Chau Genitourinary Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA

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Cathee Till SWOG Statistical Center, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA

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Douglas K Price Genitourinary Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA

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Phyllis J Goodman SWOG Statistical Center, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA

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Marian L Neuhouser Cancer Prevention Program, Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA

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Michael N Pollak Department of Oncology and Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Canada

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Ian M Thompson CHRISTUS Santa Rosa Hospital Medical Center, San Antonio, Texas, USA

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William D Figg Genitourinary Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA

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between the two may involve crosstalk among hormonal pathways that include sex steroid hormones and the insulin/insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) axis, specifically adiposity-related changes in metabolism and endogenous hormone levels ( Hsing et al

Article Type:
Research Article
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1530/ERC-21-0107
Volume/Issue:
Volume 29: Issue 2
Restricted access