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Andrea Weckman Division of Neurosurgery, Division of Pathology, Department of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery

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Fabio Rotondo Division of Neurosurgery, Division of Pathology, Department of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery

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Antonio Di Ieva Division of Neurosurgery, Division of Pathology, Department of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery

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Luis V Syro Division of Neurosurgery, Division of Pathology, Department of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery

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Henriett Butz Division of Neurosurgery, Division of Pathology, Department of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery

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Michael D Cusimano Division of Neurosurgery, Division of Pathology, Department of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery

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Kalman Kovacs Division of Neurosurgery, Division of Pathology, Department of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery

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malignant pheochromocytoma cells ( Saito et al . 2012 ). Future research is required to elucidate the specifics of autophagy in the different types of adrenal cancer in vitro and in vivo and take full advantage of its therapeutic potential as a target

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Shih-Ping Cheng Department of Surgery, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Mackay Junior College of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Department of Medical Research, Institute of Statistical Science
Department of Surgery, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Mackay Junior College of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Department of Medical Research, Institute of Statistical Science
Department of Surgery, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Mackay Junior College of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Department of Medical Research, Institute of Statistical Science

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Chien-Liang Liu Department of Surgery, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Mackay Junior College of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Department of Medical Research, Institute of Statistical Science
Department of Surgery, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Mackay Junior College of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Department of Medical Research, Institute of Statistical Science

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Ming-Jen Chen Department of Surgery, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Mackay Junior College of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Department of Medical Research, Institute of Statistical Science
Department of Surgery, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Mackay Junior College of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Department of Medical Research, Institute of Statistical Science
Department of Surgery, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Mackay Junior College of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Department of Medical Research, Institute of Statistical Science

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Ming-Nan Chien Department of Surgery, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Mackay Junior College of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Department of Medical Research, Institute of Statistical Science
Department of Surgery, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Mackay Junior College of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Department of Medical Research, Institute of Statistical Science

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Ching-Hsiang Leung Department of Surgery, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Mackay Junior College of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Department of Medical Research, Institute of Statistical Science
Department of Surgery, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Mackay Junior College of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Department of Medical Research, Institute of Statistical Science

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Chi-Hsin Lin Department of Surgery, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Mackay Junior College of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Department of Medical Research, Institute of Statistical Science

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Yi-Chiung Hsu Department of Surgery, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Mackay Junior College of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Department of Medical Research, Institute of Statistical Science

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Jie-Jen Lee Department of Surgery, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Mackay Junior College of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Department of Medical Research, Institute of Statistical Science
Department of Surgery, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Mackay Junior College of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Department of Medical Research, Institute of Statistical Science
Department of Surgery, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Mackay Junior College of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Department of Medical Research, Institute of Statistical Science

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CD74, the invariant chain of major histocompatibility complex class II, is also a receptor for macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF). CD74 and MIF have been associated with tumor progression and metastasis in hematologic and solid tumors. In this study, we found that 60 and 65% of papillary thyroid cancers were positive for CD74 and MIF immunohistochemical staining respectively. Anaplastic thyroid cancer was negative for MIF, but mostly positive for CD74 expression. Normal thyroid tissue and follicular adenomas were negative for CD74 expression. CD74 expression in papillary thyroid cancer was associated with larger tumor size (P=0.043), extrathyroidal invasion (P=0.021), advanced TNM stage (P=0.006), and higher MACIS score (P=0.026). No clinicopathological parameter was associated with MIF expression. Treatment with anti-CD74 antibody in thyroid cancer cells inhibited cell growth, colony formation, cell migration and invasion, and vascular endothelial growth factor secretion. In contrast, treatment with recombinant MIF induced an increase in cell invasion. Anti-CD74 treatment reduced AKT phosphorylation and stimulated AMPK activation. Our findings suggest that CD74 overexpression in thyroid cancer is associated with advanced tumor stage and may serve as a therapeutic target.

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K W Colston
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Justin S Gundara Cancer Genetics, Department of Endocrinology, Kolling Institute of Medical Research
Cancer Genetics, Department of Endocrinology, Kolling Institute of Medical Research

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JingTing Zhao Cancer Genetics, Department of Endocrinology, Kolling Institute of Medical Research

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Bruce G Robinson Cancer Genetics, Department of Endocrinology, Kolling Institute of Medical Research
Cancer Genetics, Department of Endocrinology, Kolling Institute of Medical Research

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Stan B Sidhu Cancer Genetics, Department of Endocrinology, Kolling Institute of Medical Research
Cancer Genetics, Department of Endocrinology, Kolling Institute of Medical Research

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important to cell death as it is to survival. Now that we are gaining a more thorough understanding of the mechanisms underlying autophagy, its relevance to human disease and burgeoning therapeutic potential are being unravelled ( Ding et al . 2008 , Chen

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Alan P Lombard Veterans Affairs‐Northern California Health Care System, Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Biochemistry, Mather, California, USA
Veterans Affairs‐Northern California Health Care System, Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Biochemistry, Mather, California, USA
Veterans Affairs‐Northern California Health Care System, Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Biochemistry, Mather, California, USA

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Maria Mudryj Veterans Affairs‐Northern California Health Care System, Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Biochemistry, Mather, California, USA
Veterans Affairs‐Northern California Health Care System, Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Biochemistry, Mather, California, USA

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( Johnson et al . 2008 ). These data argue that one role of the AR in bladder tumorigenesis may be repression of TSP1. Therapeutic potential of targeting the AR in bladder cancer One currently effective treatment for NMIBC is intravesical

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Masaki Shiota Departments of, Urology, Anatomic Pathology, Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan

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Ario Takeuchi Departments of, Urology, Anatomic Pathology, Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan

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YooHyun Song Departments of, Urology, Anatomic Pathology, Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
Departments of, Urology, Anatomic Pathology, Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan

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Akira Yokomizo Departments of, Urology, Anatomic Pathology, Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan

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Eiji Kashiwagi Departments of, Urology, Anatomic Pathology, Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan

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Takeshi Uchiumi Departments of, Urology, Anatomic Pathology, Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan

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Kentaro Kuroiwa Departments of, Urology, Anatomic Pathology, Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan

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Katsunori Tatsugami Departments of, Urology, Anatomic Pathology, Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan

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Naohiro Fujimoto Departments of, Urology, Anatomic Pathology, Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan

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Yoshinao Oda Departments of, Urology, Anatomic Pathology, Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan

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Seiji Naito Departments of, Urology, Anatomic Pathology, Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan

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the roles of YB-1 in androgen/AR signaling and PCa pathology, especially in PCa that progressively becomes castration resistant. Furthermore, we wanted to identify therapeutic potential of targeting YB-1 in PCa. Materials and methods Cell culture Human

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Salma Ben-Salem Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA

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Varadha Balaji Venkadakrishnan Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA

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Hannelore V Heemers Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA

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, Feitelson et al. 2015 ). The therapeutic potential of targeting critical cell cycle checkpoints and the possibility of such strategies to overcome cancer treatment resistance and prolong patient survival have also been recognized ( Otto & Sicinski 2017

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Catherine Zabkiewicz Cardiff China Medical Research Collaborative Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK

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Jeyna Resaul Cardiff China Medical Research Collaborative Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK

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Rachel Hargest Cardiff China Medical Research Collaborative Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK

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Wen Guo Jiang Cardiff China Medical Research Collaborative Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK

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Lin Ye Cardiff China Medical Research Collaborative Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK

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cancer and therapeutic potential . International Journal of Molecular Medicine 24 591 – 597 . ( doi:10.3892/ijmm_00000269 ) Ye L Bokobza S Li J Moazzam M Chen J Mansel RE Jiang WG 2010 Bone morphogenetic protein-10

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Samah Rafehi Translational Ovarian Cancer Research Program, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Department of Biochemistry, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Department of Oncology, London Regional Cancer Program, 790 Commissioners Road East, Room A4-836, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 4L6
Translational Ovarian Cancer Research Program, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Department of Biochemistry, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Department of Oncology, London Regional Cancer Program, 790 Commissioners Road East, Room A4-836, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 4L6

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Yudith Ramos Valdes Translational Ovarian Cancer Research Program, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Department of Biochemistry, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Department of Oncology, London Regional Cancer Program, 790 Commissioners Road East, Room A4-836, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 4L6

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Monique Bertrand Translational Ovarian Cancer Research Program, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Department of Biochemistry, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Department of Oncology, London Regional Cancer Program, 790 Commissioners Road East, Room A4-836, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 4L6
Translational Ovarian Cancer Research Program, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Department of Biochemistry, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Department of Oncology, London Regional Cancer Program, 790 Commissioners Road East, Room A4-836, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 4L6
Translational Ovarian Cancer Research Program, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Department of Biochemistry, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Department of Oncology, London Regional Cancer Program, 790 Commissioners Road East, Room A4-836, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 4L6

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Jacob McGee Translational Ovarian Cancer Research Program, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Department of Biochemistry, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Department of Oncology, London Regional Cancer Program, 790 Commissioners Road East, Room A4-836, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 4L6
Translational Ovarian Cancer Research Program, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Department of Biochemistry, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Department of Oncology, London Regional Cancer Program, 790 Commissioners Road East, Room A4-836, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 4L6

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Michel Préfontaine Translational Ovarian Cancer Research Program, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Department of Biochemistry, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Department of Oncology, London Regional Cancer Program, 790 Commissioners Road East, Room A4-836, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 4L6
Translational Ovarian Cancer Research Program, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Department of Biochemistry, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Department of Oncology, London Regional Cancer Program, 790 Commissioners Road East, Room A4-836, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 4L6

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Akira Sugimoto Translational Ovarian Cancer Research Program, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Department of Biochemistry, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Department of Oncology, London Regional Cancer Program, 790 Commissioners Road East, Room A4-836, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 4L6
Translational Ovarian Cancer Research Program, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Department of Biochemistry, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Department of Oncology, London Regional Cancer Program, 790 Commissioners Road East, Room A4-836, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 4L6
Translational Ovarian Cancer Research Program, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Department of Biochemistry, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Department of Oncology, London Regional Cancer Program, 790 Commissioners Road East, Room A4-836, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 4L6

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Gabriel E DiMattia Translational Ovarian Cancer Research Program, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Department of Biochemistry, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Department of Oncology, London Regional Cancer Program, 790 Commissioners Road East, Room A4-836, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 4L6
Translational Ovarian Cancer Research Program, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Department of Biochemistry, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Department of Oncology, London Regional Cancer Program, 790 Commissioners Road East, Room A4-836, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 4L6
Translational Ovarian Cancer Research Program, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Department of Biochemistry, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Department of Oncology, London Regional Cancer Program, 790 Commissioners Road East, Room A4-836, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 4L6
Translational Ovarian Cancer Research Program, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Department of Biochemistry, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Department of Oncology, London Regional Cancer Program, 790 Commissioners Road East, Room A4-836, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 4L6

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Trevor G Shepherd Translational Ovarian Cancer Research Program, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Department of Biochemistry, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Department of Oncology, London Regional Cancer Program, 790 Commissioners Road East, Room A4-836, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 4L6
Translational Ovarian Cancer Research Program, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Department of Biochemistry, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Department of Oncology, London Regional Cancer Program, 790 Commissioners Road East, Room A4-836, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 4L6
Translational Ovarian Cancer Research Program, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Department of Biochemistry, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Department of Oncology, London Regional Cancer Program, 790 Commissioners Road East, Room A4-836, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 4L6
Translational Ovarian Cancer Research Program, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Department of Biochemistry, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Department of Oncology, London Regional Cancer Program, 790 Commissioners Road East, Room A4-836, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 4L6

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regulation, as well as the therapeutic potential of targeting this important pathobiological process in late-stage EOC metastasis. Epithelial to mesenchymal transition is a universally accepted phenomenon that occurs in the malignant progression of most if

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Kathrin Zitzmann Department of Internal Medicine II, Institute of Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, University‐Hospital Munich-Grosshadern, Munich, Germany

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George Vlotides Department of Internal Medicine II, Institute of Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, University‐Hospital Munich-Grosshadern, Munich, Germany

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Stephan Brand Department of Internal Medicine II, Institute of Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, University‐Hospital Munich-Grosshadern, Munich, Germany

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Harald Lahm Department of Internal Medicine II, Institute of Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, University‐Hospital Munich-Grosshadern, Munich, Germany

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Gerald Spöttl Department of Internal Medicine II, Institute of Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, University‐Hospital Munich-Grosshadern, Munich, Germany

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Burkhard Göke Department of Internal Medicine II, Institute of Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, University‐Hospital Munich-Grosshadern, Munich, Germany

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Christoph J Auernhammer Department of Internal Medicine II, Institute of Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, University‐Hospital Munich-Grosshadern, Munich, Germany

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relevant to NET cell survival. To further evaluate the therapeutic potential of isoform-specific Akt inhibition in NET disease, double- and triple-transfection studies were performed. Significantly, the antitumor effect of simultaneous downregulation of Akt

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