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Carles Zafon Diabetes and Metabolism Research Unit (VHIR) and Department of Endocrinology, University Hospital Vall d’Hebron and Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
Consortium for the Study of Thyroid Cancer (CECaT), Catalonia, Spain

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Joan Gil Program of Predictive and Personalized Medicine of Cancer, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (PMPPC-IGTP), Barcelona, Spain

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Beatriz Pérez-González Program of Predictive and Personalized Medicine of Cancer, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (PMPPC-IGTP), Barcelona, Spain

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Mireia Jordà Consortium for the Study of Thyroid Cancer (CECaT), Catalonia, Spain
Program of Predictive and Personalized Medicine of Cancer, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (PMPPC-IGTP), Barcelona, Spain

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Introduction Thyroid cancer, the most prevalent endocrine malignancy, covers the full range of phenotypes from indolent to the worst forms of human cancer. It is categorized into differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC), poorly differentiated

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Weijun Wei Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai, China
Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China

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Heather Hardin Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA

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Quan-Yong Luo Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai, China

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Introduction Thyroid cancer is the fifth most common cancer in women in the United States and is the most commonly diagnosed cancer before the age of 30 years among women in China ( Chen et al. 2016 ). Although thyroid cancer is generally

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Hao Fu Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China

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Lin Cheng Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China

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Yuchen Jin Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China

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Libo Chen Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China

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thyroid carcinoma. With globally rising incidence, thyroid carcinoma has attracted much more concern than before. In theory, thyrotoxicosis with suppressed TSH should lead to a lower incidence of thyroid cancer than that observed in euthyroid patients

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Xianhui Ruan Department of Thyroid and Neck Tumor, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, China

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Xianle Shi State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, 2011 Collaborative Innovation Center of Tianjin for Medical Epigenetics and College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China

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Qiman Dong State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, 2011 Collaborative Innovation Center of Tianjin for Medical Epigenetics and College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China

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Yang Yu Department of Thyroid and Neck Tumor, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, China

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Xiukun Hou Department of Thyroid and Neck Tumor, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, China

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Xinhao Song State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, 2011 Collaborative Innovation Center of Tianjin for Medical Epigenetics and College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China

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Xi Wei Department of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Ultrasonography, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, China

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Lingyi Chen State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, 2011 Collaborative Innovation Center of Tianjin for Medical Epigenetics and College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China

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Ming Gao Department of Thyroid and Neck Tumor, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, China

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Introduction Thyroid cancer is the most common cancer of endocrine system, with a rapid worldwide increase over recent decades ( Enewold et al. 2009 , Kilfoy et al. 2009 , Chen et al. 2016 ). The disease is classified into three types

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Christopher W Rowe Department of Endocrinology, John Hunter Hospital, Newcastle, Australia
School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia
Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia

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Jonathan W Paul School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia
Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia

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Craig Gedye Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
Department of Medical Oncology, Calvary Mater Newcastle, Waratah, Australia
School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia

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Jorge M Tolosa School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia
Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia

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Cino Bendinelli School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia
Department of Surgery, John Hunter Hospital, Newcastle, Australia

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Shaun McGrath Department of Endocrinology, John Hunter Hospital, Newcastle, Australia
School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia

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Roger Smith Department of Endocrinology, John Hunter Hospital, Newcastle, Australia
School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia
Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia

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differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC), TSHR is therapeutically targeted to maximize radioiodine uptake into malignant thyrocytes by transiently upregulating the sodium–iodide symporter (NIS) through TSH stimulation, either endogenously through thyroid hormone

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Rengyun Liu Laboratory for Cellular and Molecular Thyroid Research, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1830 East Monument Street, Suite 333, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, USA

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Mingzhao Xing Laboratory for Cellular and Molecular Thyroid Research, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1830 East Monument Street, Suite 333, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, USA

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glioblastoma ( Killela et al . 2013 , Liu et al . 2013 a ) as well as thyroid cancer ( Liu et al . 2013 b ). There are two common recurrent TERT promoter mutations in human cancer that are located at two hotspots: chr5, 1,295,228 C>T (C228T) and 1

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Gustavo Penna Department of Clinical Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
Endocrinology Service of Institute Orizonti, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil

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Ileana G S Rubio Department of Biological Science, Molecular Thyroid Science Laboratory, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
Biotechnology Post-graduation Program, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
Estructural and Functional Biology Program, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil

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Ester Saraiva Brust Department of Biological Science, Molecular Thyroid Science Laboratory, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
Biotechnology Post-graduation Program, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil

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Juliana Cazarin Laboratory of Endocrine Physiology, Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

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Fabio Hecht Laboratory of Endocrine Physiology, Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

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Nina Ramalho Alkmim Endocrinology Service of Institute Orizonti, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
Post-Graduation Program Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil

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Kamilla M A Brandão Rajão Endocrinology Service of Institute Orizonti, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
Endocrinology Service of Hospital das Clínicas, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil

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Helton Estrela Ramos Department of Bioregulation, Health & Science Institute, Thyroid Study Laboratory, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
Post-Graduation Program Medicine and Health, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
Post-Graduate Program in Interactive Processes of Organs and Systems, Health & Science Institute, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil

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during life, leading to the early discovery of incidental PTCs. The possibility of a causal association instead of a direct cause-effect link in cases of co-occurrence of congenital hypothyroidism and thyroid cancer should also be considered

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Livia Lamartina Gustave Roussy, Department of Nuclear Medicine and Endocrine Oncology, Villejuif, France

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Nadège Anizan Department of Medical Physics, Gustave Roussy and University Paris Saclay, Villejuif, France

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Corinne Dupuy UMR 8200/9019 CNRS Paris-Saclay, Genome Integrity and Cancers, Gustave Roussy and University Paris Saclay, Villejuif, France

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Sophie Leboulleux Gustave Roussy, Department of Nuclear Medicine and Endocrine Oncology, Villejuif, France

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Martin Schlumberger Gustave Roussy, Department of Nuclear Medicine and Endocrine Oncology, Villejuif, France

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Introduction Since the '40s, the treatment of distant metastases from differentiated thyroid cancer is based on the administration of a high activity of 131 I and this was the first available targeted therapy for metastatic disease that

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Susan J Hsiao Division of Molecular and Genomic Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 3477 Euler Way, Room 8031, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA

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Yuri E Nikiforov Division of Molecular and Genomic Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 3477 Euler Way, Room 8031, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA

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Introduction Among endocrine tumors, thyroid cancer is the most common, with an estimated incidence of 12.2/100 000 per year in the USA ( Howlader et al . 2013 ). The incidence of thyroid cancer, both in the USA and worldwide, has been increasing

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Athanasios Bikas Division of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Biomedical Instrumental Center, Center for Endocrine Surgery, Department of Surgery, Department of Medicine, Medstar Washington Hospital Center, 110 Irving Street Northwest, Washington, District of Columbia 20010, USA

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Kirk Jensen Division of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Biomedical Instrumental Center, Center for Endocrine Surgery, Department of Surgery, Department of Medicine, Medstar Washington Hospital Center, 110 Irving Street Northwest, Washington, District of Columbia 20010, USA

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Aneeta Patel Division of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Biomedical Instrumental Center, Center for Endocrine Surgery, Department of Surgery, Department of Medicine, Medstar Washington Hospital Center, 110 Irving Street Northwest, Washington, District of Columbia 20010, USA

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John Costello Jr Division of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Biomedical Instrumental Center, Center for Endocrine Surgery, Department of Surgery, Department of Medicine, Medstar Washington Hospital Center, 110 Irving Street Northwest, Washington, District of Columbia 20010, USA

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Dennis McDaniel Division of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Biomedical Instrumental Center, Center for Endocrine Surgery, Department of Surgery, Department of Medicine, Medstar Washington Hospital Center, 110 Irving Street Northwest, Washington, District of Columbia 20010, USA

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Joanna Klubo-Gwiezdzinska Division of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Biomedical Instrumental Center, Center for Endocrine Surgery, Department of Surgery, Department of Medicine, Medstar Washington Hospital Center, 110 Irving Street Northwest, Washington, District of Columbia 20010, USA

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Olexander Larin Division of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Biomedical Instrumental Center, Center for Endocrine Surgery, Department of Surgery, Department of Medicine, Medstar Washington Hospital Center, 110 Irving Street Northwest, Washington, District of Columbia 20010, USA

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Victoria Hoperia Division of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Biomedical Instrumental Center, Center for Endocrine Surgery, Department of Surgery, Department of Medicine, Medstar Washington Hospital Center, 110 Irving Street Northwest, Washington, District of Columbia 20010, USA

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Kenneth D Burman Division of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Biomedical Instrumental Center, Center for Endocrine Surgery, Department of Surgery, Department of Medicine, Medstar Washington Hospital Center, 110 Irving Street Northwest, Washington, District of Columbia 20010, USA

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Lisa Boyle Division of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Biomedical Instrumental Center, Center for Endocrine Surgery, Department of Surgery, Department of Medicine, Medstar Washington Hospital Center, 110 Irving Street Northwest, Washington, District of Columbia 20010, USA

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Leonard Wartofsky Division of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Biomedical Instrumental Center, Center for Endocrine Surgery, Department of Surgery, Department of Medicine, Medstar Washington Hospital Center, 110 Irving Street Northwest, Washington, District of Columbia 20010, USA

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Vasyl Vasko Division of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Biomedical Instrumental Center, Center for Endocrine Surgery, Department of Surgery, Department of Medicine, Medstar Washington Hospital Center, 110 Irving Street Northwest, Washington, District of Columbia 20010, USA

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). In cell lines derived from follicular and papillary thyroid cancers, metformin inhibited cell growth, activated AMPK, down-regulated p70S6K/pS6 signaling, antagonized the growth-stimulatory effects of insulin, inhibited clonal cell growth, and reduced

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