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Guoliang Wang Department of Tumor and Immunology, Beijing Children’s Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, China

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Na Ren Department of Clinical Laboratory Center, Beijing Children’s Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China

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Shengcai Wang Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing Children’s Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China

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Xuexi Zhang Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing Children’s Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China

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Yanzhen Li Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing Children’s Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China

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Nian Sun Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing Children’s Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China

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Qiaoyin Liu Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing Children’s Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China

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Jie Zhang Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing Children’s Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China

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Wenqi Song Department of Clinical Laboratory Center, Beijing Children’s Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China

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Xin Ni Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing Children’s Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China

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Introduction Sporadic thyroid nodules are uncommon in pediatric population compared to adults ( Gupta et al. 2013 , Francis et al. 2015 ). However, the malignancy rate of thyroid nodules is as high as one-fourth in children, significantly

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Pedro Weslley Rosario Santa Casa de Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil

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Tiara Grossi Rocha Santa Casa de Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil

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Gabriela Franco Mourão Santa Casa de Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil

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Introduction Thyroid nodules are common in the adult population. Initial assessment consists of excluding functionality and defining whether there is an indication for fine-needle aspiration (FNA). Usually, autonomous nodules, purely cystic

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Pedro Weslley Rosario Santa Casa de Belo Horizonte, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil

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Dear Editor, We thank Qichang and Bin for the comments regarding our review ‘Usefulness of accessible imaging methods in thyroid nodules with indeterminate cytology’ ( Rosário et al . 2021 ), published in this issue of Endocrine

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M Niedziela Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Szpitalna Street 27/33, 60–572 Poznan, Poland

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Introduction Thyroid nodules are uncommon in children before puberty (1.5% or less) ( Kirkland et al. 1973 , Rallison et al. 1975 , Scott & Crawford 1976 , Yip et al. 1994 , Millman & Pellitteri 1997 ). Any nodule

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Fadi Nabhan Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Wexner Medical Center, Arthur G. James Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA

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Matthew D Ringel Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Wexner Medical Center, Arthur G. James Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA

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-driven medical care, a number of societies have established clinical guidelines for thyroid nodules and thyroid cancer. These guidelines are composed of evidence-based recommendations for particular clinical scenarios after scholarly review and discussion of the

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Jacob A Quaytman Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, UPMC Montefiore Hospital, N715, Pittsburgh, PA, USA

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Yuri E Nikiforov Division of Molecular Genomic Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA

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Marina N Nikiforova Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA

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Elena Morariu Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA

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Introduction Molecular testing has become an integral part of assessing the cancer risk of thyroid nodules with indeterminate cytology. It can help prevent unnecessary diagnostic thyroid surgery for patients with such nodules and help

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Joseph M Shulan
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Leonid Vydro
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Arthur B Schneider
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Dan V Mihailescu Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA

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( NCRP 2009 ). While several studies have attempted to identify biomarkers that are predictive of the likelihood of malignancy in patients with thyroid nodules in the general population, the data correlating these factors in radiation-induced thyroid

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Susan J Hsiao Division of Molecular and Genomic Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 3477 Euler Way, Room 8031, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA

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Yuri E Nikiforov Division of Molecular and Genomic Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 3477 Euler Way, Room 8031, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA

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regions. Thyroid tumor development probably involves a complex interplay between genetic predisposition and environmental risk factors. Thyroid cancer typically presents as a thyroid nodule. However, thyroid nodules are commonly found incidentally and may

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Pablo Valderrabano Department of Head and Neck-Endocrine Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, USA

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Laila Khazai Department of Anatomic Pathology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, USA

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Marino E Leon Department of Anatomic Pathology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, USA

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Zachary J Thompson Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, USA

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Zhenjun Ma Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, USA

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Christine H Chung Department of Head and Neck-Endocrine Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, USA

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Julie E Hallanger-Johnson Department of Head and Neck-Endocrine Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, USA

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Kristen J Otto Department of Head and Neck-Endocrine Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, USA

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Kara D Rogers Department of Head and Neck-Endocrine Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, USA

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Barbara A Centeno Department of Anatomic Pathology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, USA

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Bryan McIver Department of Head and Neck-Endocrine Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, USA

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Introduction Several molecular marker tests are available to refine the diagnosis of thyroid nodules with indeterminate cytology. Initially, these tests were classified as either ‘rule-in’ or ‘rule-out’ tests, depending on their ability to

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Esra Karslioglu French Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA

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Alyaksandr V Nikitski Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA

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Linwah Yip Division of Endocrine Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA

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Marina N Nikiforova Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA

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Yuri E Nikiforov Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA

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Sally E Carty Division of Endocrine Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA

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Introduction Thyroid nodules are common and can be detected by ultrasonography in nearly 50% of the population, with higher frequencies in women and the elderly ( Guth et al. 2009 ). Cytological sampling of ultrasonographically suspicious

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