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St Vincent’s Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
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St Vincent’s Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
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St Vincent’s Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
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St Vincent’s Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
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St Vincent’s Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
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St Vincent’s Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
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St Vincent’s Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
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St Vincent’s Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
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St Vincent’s Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
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Introduction The androgen receptor (AR) is a steroid hormone receptor that is important in the development of male-specific phenotype. AR has a well-established canonical function as a ligand-activated transcription factor involved in the
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radiotherapy, the standard of care for recurrent PCa is to block the androgen receptor (AR) ( Watson et al. 2015 , Wyatt et al. 2015 ). Despite the positive response of most PCa cases to inhibition of the androgen signaling pathway, cancer progression to
Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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receptor (AR), a ligand-activated transcription factor, drives CaP progression ( Huggins & Hodges 2002 , Dai et al. 2017 ). Therefore, blocking AR activation, known as androgen deprivation therapy (ADT), has been the default treatment for metastatic CaP
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Department of Pathology, Department of Pathology, NYU Cancer Institute, Department of Urology, Department of Pharmacology, New York Harbor Healthcare System, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
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Department of Pathology, Department of Pathology, NYU Cancer Institute, Department of Urology, Department of Pharmacology, New York Harbor Healthcare System, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
Department of Pathology, Department of Pathology, NYU Cancer Institute, Department of Urology, Department of Pharmacology, New York Harbor Healthcare System, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
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Department of Pathology, Department of Pathology, NYU Cancer Institute, Department of Urology, Department of Pharmacology, New York Harbor Healthcare System, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
Department of Pathology, Department of Pathology, NYU Cancer Institute, Department of Urology, Department of Pharmacology, New York Harbor Healthcare System, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
Department of Pathology, Department of Pathology, NYU Cancer Institute, Department of Urology, Department of Pharmacology, New York Harbor Healthcare System, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
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Introduction It has long been known that androgens are critical in the growth and progression of prostate cancer ( Dehm & Tindall 2006 ). Androgens signal through the androgen receptor (AR), a member of the steroid receptor family of transcription
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steroidogenic conversion. Androgens mediate their specific effects via activation of the androgen receptor (AR) expressed in target tissues such as the uterus ( Somboonporn & Davis 2004 , Walters et al . 2010 ). AR is a member of the nuclear receptor
Graduate Program in Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
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Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
Department of Urology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
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Introduction In the United States, prostate cancer (PC) is the second leading cause of male cancer deaths ( Siegel et al. 2020 ). Growth of PC cells is dependent on the androgen receptor (AR). Therefore, first- and second-generation hormonal
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Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
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Castration-resistant prostate cancer Prostate cancer (PC) is notable for the dependence of tumor cells on the androgen receptor (AR) for activation of a luminal differentiation program, proliferation and survival. Because of this, androgen
Natural and Mathematical Sciences Faculty, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
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Pathology Unit, Fondazione del Piemonte per l’Oncologia (FPO) Candiolo Cancer Institute (IRCCS), Candiolo, Italy
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contrast, the clinical and biological significance of androgen receptor (AR) expression in BC is not fully defined. AR positivity has been detected in up to 61% of primary and metastatic BC lesions ( Park et al. 2010 , Hu et al. 2011 , Yu et al
Centre for Colorectal Disease, St. Vincent’s University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
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Centre for Colorectal Disease, St. Vincent’s University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
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Department of Medical Oncology, St. Vincent’s University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
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UCD Clinical Research Centre, St. Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
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treat breast cancer and anti-androgens to treat prostate cancer ( Risbridger et al. 2010 ). However, a proportion of breast cancers contains androgen receptors (AR) ( Qu et al. 2013 , Vera-Badillo et al. 2014 ) and may thus be dependent on androgens
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acquiring comprehensive information for metastatic tumors is needed to improve clinical outcomes. Similar to ER and PR, androgen receptor (AR) is a member of the steroid nuclear receptor family ( Basile et al . 2017 ), playing an important role in the