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Garrett Daniels Department of Pathology, Department of Pathology, NYU Cancer Institute, Department of Urology, Department of Pharmacology, New York Harbor Healthcare System, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA

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Yirong Li Department of Pathology, Department of Pathology, NYU Cancer Institute, Department of Urology, Department of Pharmacology, New York Harbor Healthcare System, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA

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Lan Lin Gellert Department of Pathology, Department of Pathology, NYU Cancer Institute, Department of Urology, Department of Pharmacology, New York Harbor Healthcare System, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA

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Albert Zhou Department of Pathology, Department of Pathology, NYU Cancer Institute, Department of Urology, Department of Pharmacology, New York Harbor Healthcare System, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA

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Jonathan Melamed Department of Pathology, Department of Pathology, NYU Cancer Institute, Department of Urology, Department of Pharmacology, New York Harbor Healthcare System, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA

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Xinyu Wu Department of Pathology, Department of Pathology, NYU Cancer Institute, Department of Urology, Department of Pharmacology, New York Harbor Healthcare System, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA

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Xinming Zhang Department of Pathology, Department of Pathology, NYU Cancer Institute, Department of Urology, Department of Pharmacology, New York Harbor Healthcare System, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA

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David Zhang Department of Pathology, Department of Pathology, NYU Cancer Institute, Department of Urology, Department of Pharmacology, New York Harbor Healthcare System, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA

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Daniel Meruelo Department of Pathology, Department of Pathology, NYU Cancer Institute, Department of Urology, Department of Pharmacology, New York Harbor Healthcare System, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
Department of Pathology, Department of Pathology, NYU Cancer Institute, Department of Urology, Department of Pharmacology, New York Harbor Healthcare System, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA

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Susan K Logan Department of Pathology, Department of Pathology, NYU Cancer Institute, Department of Urology, Department of Pharmacology, New York Harbor Healthcare System, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
Department of Pathology, Department of Pathology, NYU Cancer Institute, Department of Urology, Department of Pharmacology, New York Harbor Healthcare System, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
Department of Pathology, Department of Pathology, NYU Cancer Institute, Department of Urology, Department of Pharmacology, New York Harbor Healthcare System, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA

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Ross Basch Department of Pathology, Department of Pathology, NYU Cancer Institute, Department of Urology, Department of Pharmacology, New York Harbor Healthcare System, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA

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Peng Lee Department of Pathology, Department of Pathology, NYU Cancer Institute, Department of Urology, Department of Pharmacology, New York Harbor Healthcare System, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
Department of Pathology, Department of Pathology, NYU Cancer Institute, Department of Urology, Department of Pharmacology, New York Harbor Healthcare System, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
Department of Pathology, Department of Pathology, NYU Cancer Institute, Department of Urology, Department of Pharmacology, New York Harbor Healthcare System, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
Department of Pathology, Department of Pathology, NYU Cancer Institute, Department of Urology, Department of Pharmacology, New York Harbor Healthcare System, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA

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Introduction It has long been known that androgens are critical in the growth and progression of prostate cancer ( Dehm & Tindall 2006 ). Androgens signal through the androgen receptor (AR), a member of the steroid receptor family of transcription

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Xinyue Wang Department of Medical Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China

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Xiwen Bi Department of Medical Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China

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Zhangzan Huang Department of Medical Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China

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Jiajia Huang Department of Medical Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China

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Wen Xia Department of Medical Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China

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Wei Shi Department of Medical Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China

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Zhongyu Yuan Department of Medical Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China

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acquiring comprehensive information for metastatic tumors is needed to improve clinical outcomes. Similar to ER and PR, androgen receptor (AR) is a member of the steroid nuclear receptor family ( Basile et al . 2017 ), playing an important role in the

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Scott M Dehm
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Donald J Tindall Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Department of Urology Research, Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Mayo Mail Code 806, 420 Delaware Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA

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The androgen receptor: gene, mRNA, and protein The androgen receptor (AR) is a 110 kDa member of the steroid receptor transcription factor family that mediates the cellular actions of the androgens testosterone and dihydrotestosterone (DHT). The

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Craig J Burd
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Lisa M Morey
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Karen E Knudsen
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Introduction Androgens regulate numerous physiological responses from male sexual development to bone and muscle growth. The biological action of androgens is mediated through the androgen receptor (AR), a ligand

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Christine Helsen Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Herestraat 49, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium

Urology Department of Development and Regeneration, University Hospitals Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium

Laboratory for Structural Bioinformatics Center for Life Science Technologies, RIKEN, Yokohama, Japan

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Thomas Van den Broeck Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Herestraat 49, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium

Urology Department of Development and Regeneration, University Hospitals Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium

Laboratory for Structural Bioinformatics Center for Life Science Technologies, RIKEN, Yokohama, Japan
Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Herestraat 49, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium

Urology Department of Development and Regeneration, University Hospitals Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium

Laboratory for Structural Bioinformatics Center for Life Science Technologies, RIKEN, Yokohama, Japan

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Arnout Voet Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Herestraat 49, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium

Urology Department of Development and Regeneration, University Hospitals Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium

Laboratory for Structural Bioinformatics Center for Life Science Technologies, RIKEN, Yokohama, Japan

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Stefan Prekovic Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Herestraat 49, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium

Urology Department of Development and Regeneration, University Hospitals Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium

Laboratory for Structural Bioinformatics Center for Life Science Technologies, RIKEN, Yokohama, Japan

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Hendrik Van Poppel Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Herestraat 49, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium

Urology Department of Development and Regeneration, University Hospitals Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium

Laboratory for Structural Bioinformatics Center for Life Science Technologies, RIKEN, Yokohama, Japan

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Steven Joniau Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Herestraat 49, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium

Urology Department of Development and Regeneration, University Hospitals Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium

Laboratory for Structural Bioinformatics Center for Life Science Technologies, RIKEN, Yokohama, Japan

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Frank Claessens Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Herestraat 49, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium

Urology Department of Development and Regeneration, University Hospitals Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium

Laboratory for Structural Bioinformatics Center for Life Science Technologies, RIKEN, Yokohama, Japan

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not within the context of a multimodal approach. In the metastatic setting, androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) is the mainstay treatment, targeting androgen receptor (AR) signaling. The first therapies, aimed at blocking AR activity, were already being

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J Yang Department of Molecular Biology, Department of Endocrinology, Institute of Basic Medicine

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Y-L Zhao Department of Molecular Biology, Department of Endocrinology, Institute of Basic Medicine

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Z-Q Wu Department of Molecular Biology, Department of Endocrinology, Institute of Basic Medicine

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Y-L Si Department of Molecular Biology, Department of Endocrinology, Institute of Basic Medicine

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Y-G Meng Department of Molecular Biology, Department of Endocrinology, Institute of Basic Medicine

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X-B Fu Department of Molecular Biology, Department of Endocrinology, Institute of Basic Medicine

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Y-M Mu Department of Molecular Biology, Department of Endocrinology, Institute of Basic Medicine

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W-D Han Department of Molecular Biology, Department of Endocrinology, Institute of Basic Medicine

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Introduction The androgen receptor (AR) is a ligand-dependent transcription factor of the nuclear receptor (NR) superfamily. Like other NRs, AR is composed of a N-terminal transactivation domain (NTD) harboring one or more hormone

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Masaki Shiota Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan

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Shusuke Akamatsu Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan

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Shigehiro Tsukahara Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan

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Shohei Nagakawa Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan

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Takashi Matsumoto Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan

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Masatoshi Eto Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan

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Introduction Prostate cancer is one of the most frequently diagnosed cancers in developed countries. Characteristically, prostate cancer depends on androgen receptor (AR) signaling for its carcinogenesis, development, and progression ( Basu

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Elisabetta Pietri Department of Medical Oncology, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, Meldola, Forlì-Cesena, Italy

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Vincenza Conteduca Department of Medical Oncology, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, Meldola, Forlì-Cesena, Italy

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Daniele Andreis Unit of Biostatistics and Clinical Trials, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, Meldola, Forlì-Cesena, Italy

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Ilaria Massa Unit of Biostatistics and Clinical Trials, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, Meldola, Forlì-Cesena, Italy

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Elisabetta Melegari Department of Medical Oncology, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, Meldola, Forlì-Cesena, Italy

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Samanta Sarti Department of Medical Oncology, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, Meldola, Forlì-Cesena, Italy

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Lorenzo Cecconetto Department of Medical Oncology, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, Meldola, Forlì-Cesena, Italy

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Alessio Schirone Department of Medical Oncology, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, Meldola, Forlì-Cesena, Italy

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Sara Bravaccini Biosciences Laboratory, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, Meldola, Forlì-Cesena, Italy

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Patrizia Serra Unit of Biostatistics and Clinical Trials, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, Meldola, Forlì-Cesena, Italy

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Anna Fedeli Department of Medical Oncology, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, Meldola, Forlì-Cesena, Italy

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Roberta Maltoni Department of Medical Oncology, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, Meldola, Forlì-Cesena, Italy

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Dino Amadori Department of Medical Oncology, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, Meldola, Forlì-Cesena, Italy

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Ugo De Giorgi Department of Medical Oncology, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, Meldola, Forlì-Cesena, Italy

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Andrea Rocca Department of Medical Oncology, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, Meldola, Forlì-Cesena, Italy

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Introduction AR receptor structure and signaling The androgen receptor (AR) is a member of the steroid hormone receptor family that in turn belongs to the superfamily of nuclear receptors. Other steroid hormone receptors include estrogen

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KeeMing Chia Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
St Vincent’s Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia

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Heloisa Milioli Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
St Vincent’s Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia

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Neil Portman Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
St Vincent’s Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia

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Geraldine Laven-Law Dame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research Laboratories, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia

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Rhiannon Coulson Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
St Vincent’s Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia

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Aliza Yong Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
St Vincent’s Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia

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Davendra Segara St Vincent’s Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia

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Andrew Parker St Vincent’s Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia

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Catherine E Caldon Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
St Vincent’s Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia

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Niantao Deng Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
St Vincent’s Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia

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Alexander Swarbrick Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
St Vincent’s Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia

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Wayne D Tilley Dame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research Laboratories, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia

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Theresa E Hickey Dame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research Laboratories, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia

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Elgene Lim Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
St Vincent’s Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia

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Introduction The androgen receptor (AR) is a steroid hormone receptor that is important in the development of male-specific phenotype. AR has a well-established canonical function as a ligand-activated transcription factor involved in the

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Rosalinda M Savoy VA Northern California Health Care System, Department of Urology, Division of Biostatistics, Department of Statistics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Mather, California, USA
VA Northern California Health Care System, Department of Urology, Division of Biostatistics, Department of Statistics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Mather, California, USA

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Liqun Chen VA Northern California Health Care System, Department of Urology, Division of Biostatistics, Department of Statistics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Mather, California, USA

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Salma Siddiqui VA Northern California Health Care System, Department of Urology, Division of Biostatistics, Department of Statistics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Mather, California, USA

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Frank U Melgoza VA Northern California Health Care System, Department of Urology, Division of Biostatistics, Department of Statistics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Mather, California, USA

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Blythe Durbin-Johnson VA Northern California Health Care System, Department of Urology, Division of Biostatistics, Department of Statistics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Mather, California, USA

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Christiana Drake VA Northern California Health Care System, Department of Urology, Division of Biostatistics, Department of Statistics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Mather, California, USA

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Maitreyee K Jathal VA Northern California Health Care System, Department of Urology, Division of Biostatistics, Department of Statistics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Mather, California, USA
VA Northern California Health Care System, Department of Urology, Division of Biostatistics, Department of Statistics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Mather, California, USA

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Swagata Bose VA Northern California Health Care System, Department of Urology, Division of Biostatistics, Department of Statistics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Mather, California, USA
VA Northern California Health Care System, Department of Urology, Division of Biostatistics, Department of Statistics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Mather, California, USA

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Thomas M Steele VA Northern California Health Care System, Department of Urology, Division of Biostatistics, Department of Statistics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Mather, California, USA

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Benjamin A Mooso VA Northern California Health Care System, Department of Urology, Division of Biostatistics, Department of Statistics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Mather, California, USA

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Leandro S D'Abronzo VA Northern California Health Care System, Department of Urology, Division of Biostatistics, Department of Statistics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Mather, California, USA
VA Northern California Health Care System, Department of Urology, Division of Biostatistics, Department of Statistics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Mather, California, USA

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William H Fry VA Northern California Health Care System, Department of Urology, Division of Biostatistics, Department of Statistics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Mather, California, USA

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Kermit L Carraway III VA Northern California Health Care System, Department of Urology, Division of Biostatistics, Department of Statistics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Mather, California, USA

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Maria Mudryj VA Northern California Health Care System, Department of Urology, Division of Biostatistics, Department of Statistics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Mather, California, USA
VA Northern California Health Care System, Department of Urology, Division of Biostatistics, Department of Statistics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Mather, California, USA

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Paramita M Ghosh VA Northern California Health Care System, Department of Urology, Division of Biostatistics, Department of Statistics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Mather, California, USA
VA Northern California Health Care System, Department of Urology, Division of Biostatistics, Department of Statistics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Mather, California, USA
VA Northern California Health Care System, Department of Urology, Division of Biostatistics, Department of Statistics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Mather, California, USA

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Introduction Prostate cancer (PCa) development and progression are regulated by the androgen receptor (AR), a steroid nuclear receptor, in both early and advanced stages of the disease ( Yuan et al . 2014 ). While localized PCa is mostly treated by

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