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Kristen Wong Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA

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Francesca Di Cristofano Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA

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Michela Ranieri Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA

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Daniela De Martino Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA

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Antonio Di Cristofano Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA

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the cell cycle into the S phase is controlled by complexes formed by D-type cyclins and the CDK4 and CDK6 kinases, which phosphorylate and inactivate the RB tumor suppressor. In turn, RB inactivation releases the E2F transcription factors to promote

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Neil Portman The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
St. Vincent’s Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, New South Wales, Australia

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Sarah Alexandrou The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
St. Vincent’s Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, New South Wales, Australia

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Emma Carson The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
St. Vincent’s Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, New South Wales, Australia

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Shudong Wang Centre for Drug Discovery and Development, Cancer Research Institute, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia

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Elgene Lim The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
St. Vincent’s Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, New South Wales, Australia

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C Elizabeth Caldon The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
St. Vincent’s Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, New South Wales, Australia

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controlled by the retinoblastoma (Rb) protein. Rb restricts progression from G 1 phase into S phase by binding and suppressing E2F transcription factors. This is overcome by cyclin-dependent kinase 4/6 (CDK4/6) phosphorylation of the Rb protein, which leads

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Thomas Yang Sun Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA

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Lan Zhao Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA

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Paul Van Hummelen Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA

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Brock Martin Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA

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Kathleen Hornbacker Clinical Trials Office, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA

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HoJoon Lee Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA

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Li C Xia Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
Division of Biostatistics, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA

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Sukhmani K Padda Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Department of Medical Oncology, Los Angeles, California, USA

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Hanlee P Ji Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
Stanford Genome Technology Center, Stanford, California, USA

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Pamela Kunz Yale School of Medicine, Smilow Cancer Hospital, Yale Cancer Center, New Haven, Connecticut, USA

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organs with paired clinical outcome data. Our analysis revealed that G3 NENs had gene expression profiles that did not easily segregate by organ, that they shared mutations in TP53 , RB1 , APC , CDKN2A , and in the CDK4/6 cell cycling pathway, and

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Meilin Zhang Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, Chaoyang Central Hospital, Chaoyang, Liaoning Province, China

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Jian Song Department of Breast Surgery, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China

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Shigang Guo Department of General Surgery, Chaoyang Central Hospital, Chaoyang, Liaoning Province, China

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Feng Jin Department of Breast Surgery, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China

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Ang Zheng Department of Breast Surgery, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China

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). In recent years, with the continuous innovation of therapies, the emergence of cyclin-dependent kinase 4 and 6 (CDK4/6) inhibitors has brought new therapeutic directions for HR+, HER2− breast cancer. Globally marketed CDK4/6 inhibitors include

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H H Milioli Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
St Vincent’s Clinical School, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia

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S Alexandrou Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia

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E Lim Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
St Vincent’s Clinical School, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia

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C E Caldon Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
St Vincent’s Clinical School, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia

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inhibits progression into S phase. During G 1 /S phase, cyclin dependent kinases (CDKs) phosphorylate Rb; first CDK4/6 is activated by cyclin D1, D2, or D3 to phosphorylate Rb, followed by phosphorylation by CDK2 in complex with cyclin E1 or cyclin E2

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Carol A Lange Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology, Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, 420 Delaware Street South East, MMC 806, Minneapolis Minnesota 55455, USA

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Douglas Yee Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology, Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, 420 Delaware Street South East, MMC 806, Minneapolis Minnesota 55455, USA

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-dependent protein kinases four and six (CDK4/6) important for mediating phospho-RB-induced cell cycle progression at the G1/S boundary or ‘checkpoint’ ( Fig. 1 ). Other well-characterized functions of D-type cyclins include sequestration of cell cycle inhibitors (p

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Thomas Ho Lai Yau School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Derby, UK

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Kwok-Leung Cheung School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Derby, UK

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kinase 4/6 (CDK4/6) Inhibit Palbociclib, ribociclib Tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) Inhibit Dovitinib An ever-growing arsenal of anticancer agents requires knowledge in optimal application for clinicians and patients to make

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Shuk-Mei Ho Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
Center for Environmental Genetics, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
Cincinnati Cancer Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
Cincinnati Veteran Affairs Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA

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Rahul Rao Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA

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Sarah To Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
Center for Cancer Research, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia

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Emma Schoch Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA

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Pheruza Tarapore Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
Center for Environmental Genetics, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
Cincinnati Cancer Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA

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CDK4 hu-CDK4-F CTTCTGCAGTCCACATATGCAACA hu-CDK4-R CAACTGGTCGGCTTCAGAGTTTC CDK6 hu-CDK6-F TGGTGACCAGCAGCGGACAA hu-CDK6-R ACCACAGCGTGACGACCACT CDK2 hu-CDK2-F CCAGGAGTTACTTCTATGCCTGA hu-CDK2-R

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Alexander Gorshtein Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism and Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Sackler School of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine E, Department of Endocrinology, Department of Neurosurgery, Rabin Medical Center, Beilinson Campus, Petach Tikva 49100, Israel
Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism and Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Sackler School of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine E, Department of Endocrinology, Department of Neurosurgery, Rabin Medical Center, Beilinson Campus, Petach Tikva 49100, Israel
Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism and Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Sackler School of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine E, Department of Endocrinology, Department of Neurosurgery, Rabin Medical Center, Beilinson Campus, Petach Tikva 49100, Israel

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Hadara Rubinfeld Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism and Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Sackler School of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine E, Department of Endocrinology, Department of Neurosurgery, Rabin Medical Center, Beilinson Campus, Petach Tikva 49100, Israel
Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism and Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Sackler School of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine E, Department of Endocrinology, Department of Neurosurgery, Rabin Medical Center, Beilinson Campus, Petach Tikva 49100, Israel

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Efrat Kendler Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism and Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Sackler School of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine E, Department of Endocrinology, Department of Neurosurgery, Rabin Medical Center, Beilinson Campus, Petach Tikva 49100, Israel
Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism and Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Sackler School of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine E, Department of Endocrinology, Department of Neurosurgery, Rabin Medical Center, Beilinson Campus, Petach Tikva 49100, Israel

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Marily Theodoropoulou Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism and Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Sackler School of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine E, Department of Endocrinology, Department of Neurosurgery, Rabin Medical Center, Beilinson Campus, Petach Tikva 49100, Israel

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Vesna Cerovac Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism and Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Sackler School of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine E, Department of Endocrinology, Department of Neurosurgery, Rabin Medical Center, Beilinson Campus, Petach Tikva 49100, Israel

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Günter K Stalla Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism and Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Sackler School of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine E, Department of Endocrinology, Department of Neurosurgery, Rabin Medical Center, Beilinson Campus, Petach Tikva 49100, Israel

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Zvi R Cohen Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism and Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Sackler School of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine E, Department of Endocrinology, Department of Neurosurgery, Rabin Medical Center, Beilinson Campus, Petach Tikva 49100, Israel
Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism and Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Sackler School of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine E, Department of Endocrinology, Department of Neurosurgery, Rabin Medical Center, Beilinson Campus, Petach Tikva 49100, Israel

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Moshe Hadani Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism and Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Sackler School of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine E, Department of Endocrinology, Department of Neurosurgery, Rabin Medical Center, Beilinson Campus, Petach Tikva 49100, Israel
Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism and Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Sackler School of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine E, Department of Endocrinology, Department of Neurosurgery, Rabin Medical Center, Beilinson Campus, Petach Tikva 49100, Israel

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Ilan Shimon Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism and Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Sackler School of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine E, Department of Endocrinology, Department of Neurosurgery, Rabin Medical Center, Beilinson Campus, Petach Tikva 49100, Israel
Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism and Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Sackler School of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine E, Department of Endocrinology, Department of Neurosurgery, Rabin Medical Center, Beilinson Campus, Petach Tikva 49100, Israel

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triggered by the activation of cyclin-dependent kinase (cdk) 4 and 6, by the D-type cyclins (cyclin D1–3) ( Sherr & Roberts 1995 ). Activated cdk4 and 6 phosphorylate retinoblastoma (Rb), which becomes inactivated and releases E2F factors ( Weinberg 1995

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Jeong Won Park Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 37 Convent Dr, Room 5128, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-6264, USA

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Cho Rong Han Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 37 Convent Dr, Room 5128, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-6264, USA

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Li Zhao Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 37 Convent Dr, Room 5128, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-6264, USA

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Mark C Willingham Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 37 Convent Dr, Room 5128, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-6264, USA

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Sheue-yann Cheng Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 37 Convent Dr, Room 5128, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-6264, USA

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membrane (Immobilon-P; Millipore Corp., Billeria, MA, USA). The antibodies phosphorylated Rb (p-Rb, S780, 1:500 dilution), total-Rb (1:1000 dilution), Cdk4 (1:1000 dilution), Cdk6 (1:1000 dilution), p-Jak2 (Y1007/1008, 1:500 dilution), total-Jak2 (1

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