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Charles E Massie Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, Department of Biological Sciences and School of Medicine, Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Departments of Pathology, Urology, Surgical Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UK

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Inmaculada Spiteri Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, Department of Biological Sciences and School of Medicine, Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Departments of Pathology, Urology, Surgical Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UK

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Helen Ross-Adams Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, Department of Biological Sciences and School of Medicine, Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Departments of Pathology, Urology, Surgical Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UK

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Hayley Luxton Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, Department of Biological Sciences and School of Medicine, Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Departments of Pathology, Urology, Surgical Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UK

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Jonathan Kay Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, Department of Biological Sciences and School of Medicine, Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Departments of Pathology, Urology, Surgical Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UK

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Hayley C Whitaker Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, Department of Biological Sciences and School of Medicine, Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Departments of Pathology, Urology, Surgical Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UK

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Mark J Dunning Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, Department of Biological Sciences and School of Medicine, Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Departments of Pathology, Urology, Surgical Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UK

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Alastair D Lamb Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, Department of Biological Sciences and School of Medicine, Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Departments of Pathology, Urology, Surgical Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UK
Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, Department of Biological Sciences and School of Medicine, Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Departments of Pathology, Urology, Surgical Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UK
Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, Department of Biological Sciences and School of Medicine, Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Departments of Pathology, Urology, Surgical Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UK

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Antonio Ramos-Montoya Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, Department of Biological Sciences and School of Medicine, Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Departments of Pathology, Urology, Surgical Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UK

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Daniel S Brewer Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, Department of Biological Sciences and School of Medicine, Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Departments of Pathology, Urology, Surgical Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UK

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Colin S Cooper Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, Department of Biological Sciences and School of Medicine, Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Departments of Pathology, Urology, Surgical Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UK
Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, Department of Biological Sciences and School of Medicine, Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Departments of Pathology, Urology, Surgical Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UK

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Rosalind Eeles Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, Department of Biological Sciences and School of Medicine, Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Departments of Pathology, Urology, Surgical Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UK
Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, Department of Biological Sciences and School of Medicine, Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Departments of Pathology, Urology, Surgical Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UK

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UK Prostate ICGC Group
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Anne Y Warren Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, Department of Biological Sciences and School of Medicine, Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Departments of Pathology, Urology, Surgical Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UK

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Simon Tavaré Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, Department of Biological Sciences and School of Medicine, Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Departments of Pathology, Urology, Surgical Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UK

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David E Neal Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, Department of Biological Sciences and School of Medicine, Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Departments of Pathology, Urology, Surgical Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UK
Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, Department of Biological Sciences and School of Medicine, Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Departments of Pathology, Urology, Surgical Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UK
Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, Department of Biological Sciences and School of Medicine, Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Departments of Pathology, Urology, Surgical Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UK

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Andy G Lynch Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, Department of Biological Sciences and School of Medicine, Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Departments of Pathology, Urology, Surgical Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UK

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identification and quantification of epigenetic alterations and are therefore a tractable second line of enquiry to identify driver events in prostate tumourigenesis. We have recently identified a role for the enhancer of split transcription factor HES6 in

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H E Turner Department of Endocrinology, Radcliffe Infirmary and University of Oxford, Woodstock Road, Oxford OX2 6HE UK
Department of Radiology, Radcliffe Infirmary and University of Oxford, Woodstock Road, Oxford OX2 6HE UK

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N R Moore Department of Endocrinology, Radcliffe Infirmary and University of Oxford, Woodstock Road, Oxford OX2 6HE UK
Department of Radiology, Radcliffe Infirmary and University of Oxford, Woodstock Road, Oxford OX2 6HE UK

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J V Byrne Department of Endocrinology, Radcliffe Infirmary and University of Oxford, Woodstock Road, Oxford OX2 6HE UK
Department of Radiology, Radcliffe Infirmary and University of Oxford, Woodstock Road, Oxford OX2 6HE UK

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J A H Wass Department of Endocrinology, Radcliffe Infirmary and University of Oxford, Woodstock Road, Oxford OX2 6HE UK
Department of Radiology, Radcliffe Infirmary and University of Oxford, Woodstock Road, Oxford OX2 6HE UK

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Introduction

The use of increasingly sophisticated imaging techniques has produced a new clinical problem: namely the evaluation and management of the serendipitously discovered mass-‘incidentaloma’. In the last 50 years of endocrinology, these lesions have been described mainly in the adrenal and pituitary glands by pathologists on the basis of autopsy series of patients assumed to have been asymptomatic. The current challenge is the investigation of these common lesions which are now more commonly detected during life, to allow not only the correct identification and investigation of those with a hypersecretory syndrome whether it be clinically apparent or subclinical, but also the correct identification of those masses which are malignant and which may therefore produce significant problems in the future. As more experience is gained on the natural history of the true incidentaloma, appropriate follow-up and treatment can be instigated as necessary. The rationale of investigations therefore should be to evaluate most accurately and cost-effectively which patients do not have an incidentaloma, but a lesion that requires further active treatment.

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Sisi He Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA

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Liqian Ma Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA

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Amy E Baek Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA

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Anna Vardanyan Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA

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Varsha Vembar Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA

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Joy J Chen Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA

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Adam T Nelson Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA

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Joanna E Burdette Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
Cancer Center at Illinois, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA

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Erik R Nelson Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
Cancer Center at Illinois, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
University of Illinois Cancer Center, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, Anticancer Discovery from Pets to People Theme, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA

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Mantel–Cox or Gehan–Breslow–Wilcoxon test are as indicated in the figure. Materials and methods Survival analysis Kaplan–Meier plots were graphed using Graphpad Prism 6 with data and statistical analysis from Kaplan–Meier plotter

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James Yao University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA

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Abhishek Garg Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA

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David Chen Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, East Hanover, New Jersey, USA

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Jaume Capdevila Vall d’Hebron University Hospital, Vall Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain

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Paul Engstrom Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA

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Rodney Pommier Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA

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Eric Van Cutsem University Hospitals Gasthuisberg/Leuven and KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

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Simron Singh Odette Cancer Center, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

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Nicola Fazio European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy

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Wei He Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, East Hanover, New Jersey, USA

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Markus Riester Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA

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Parul Patel Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, East Hanover, New Jersey, USA

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Maurizio Voi Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, East Hanover, New Jersey, USA

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Michael Morrissey Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA

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Marianne Pavel University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany

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Matthew Helmut Kulke Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

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pancreas (6%) ( Yao et al. 2008 ). The prognosis and treatment of patients with NET are currently based on the traditional criteria, including tumor grade, anatomic site of origin and tumor stage ( Falconi & Partelli 2017 ). While these criteria are

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Mehtap Derya Aydemirli Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
Department of Medical Oncology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands

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Jaap D H van Eendenburg Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands

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Tom van Wezel Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands

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Jan Oosting Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands

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Willem E Corver Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands

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Ellen Kapiteijn Department of Medical Oncology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands

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Hans Morreau Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands

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foci also decreased in maximum diameter (from 9 to 6 mm, and 10 mm to indiscernible, respectively), while one focus showed growth (from 8 to 12 mm). No toxicity was reported with lorlatinib. The patient is currently alive, he has been scheduled for

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V Craig Jordan Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA

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story unfolds after hearing tales about ‘the War’ and my ‘DNA Dad’. My mother met ‘DNA Dad’ before D-Day June 6, 1944. He returned from the momentous landing 4 months later and they married. He returned to his unit and was present at the Battle of the

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Guo-Qiang Zhang Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai Sixth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China

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Chuang Xi Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai Sixth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China

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Chen-Tian Shen Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai Sixth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China

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Hong-Jun Song Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai Sixth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China

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Quan-Yong Luo Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai Sixth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China

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Zhong-Ling Qiu Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai Sixth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China

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, studies are needed to determine which factors in the tumor microenvironment regulate NIS expression and further propose potential strategies to induce thyroid cancer redifferentiation to restore sensitivity to RIT. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) participates in

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Marc Lippman
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so much of my career path almost obvious and unavoidable in retrospect. I owe a great deal to my father. He was a remarkably gifted man. Some might say a polymath. He was a fine physician, a scholar, a renowned collector of African tribal art, a

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Paraskevi Xekouki Health (NIH), Laboratory of Pathology, Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Endocrine Unit, NIH-Clinical Research Center, 10 Center Drive, Building 10, Room 1-3330, MSC1103, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892, USA

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Spyridon A Mastroyiannis Health (NIH), Laboratory of Pathology, Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Endocrine Unit, NIH-Clinical Research Center, 10 Center Drive, Building 10, Room 1-3330, MSC1103, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892, USA

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Dimitrios Avgeropoulos Health (NIH), Laboratory of Pathology, Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Endocrine Unit, NIH-Clinical Research Center, 10 Center Drive, Building 10, Room 1-3330, MSC1103, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892, USA

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Maria de la Luz Sierra Health (NIH), Laboratory of Pathology, Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Endocrine Unit, NIH-Clinical Research Center, 10 Center Drive, Building 10, Room 1-3330, MSC1103, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892, USA

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Giampaolo Trivellin Health (NIH), Laboratory of Pathology, Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Endocrine Unit, NIH-Clinical Research Center, 10 Center Drive, Building 10, Room 1-3330, MSC1103, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892, USA

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Evgenia A Gourgari Health (NIH), Laboratory of Pathology, Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Endocrine Unit, NIH-Clinical Research Center, 10 Center Drive, Building 10, Room 1-3330, MSC1103, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892, USA

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Charalampos Lyssikatos Health (NIH), Laboratory of Pathology, Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Endocrine Unit, NIH-Clinical Research Center, 10 Center Drive, Building 10, Room 1-3330, MSC1103, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892, USA

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Martha Quezado Health (NIH), Laboratory of Pathology, Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Endocrine Unit, NIH-Clinical Research Center, 10 Center Drive, Building 10, Room 1-3330, MSC1103, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892, USA

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Nicholas Patronas Health (NIH), Laboratory of Pathology, Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Endocrine Unit, NIH-Clinical Research Center, 10 Center Drive, Building 10, Room 1-3330, MSC1103, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892, USA

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Christina Kanaka-Gantenbein Health (NIH), Laboratory of Pathology, Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Endocrine Unit, NIH-Clinical Research Center, 10 Center Drive, Building 10, Room 1-3330, MSC1103, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892, USA

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George P Chrousos Health (NIH), Laboratory of Pathology, Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Endocrine Unit, NIH-Clinical Research Center, 10 Center Drive, Building 10, Room 1-3330, MSC1103, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892, USA

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Constantine A Stratakis Health (NIH), Laboratory of Pathology, Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Endocrine Unit, NIH-Clinical Research Center, 10 Center Drive, Building 10, Room 1-3330, MSC1103, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892, USA

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initial presentation, his height was 186.6 cm ( z -score +4.72), over the calculated mid-parental height (180.5±4.5 cm), and his weight was 78.7 kg ( z -score +2.59). He was also macrocephalic and he had several facial characteristics typical of gigantism

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Wouter W de Herder Department of Internal Medicine, Sector of Endocrinology, Erasmus MC & Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, ENETS Center of Excellence, Rotterdam, the Netherlands

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Günter Klöppel Department of Pathology, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany

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first described in the rabbit by the German medical student Paul Langerhans (1847–1888) in his doctoral thesis in 1869 ( Langerhans 1869 , Kloppe 1969 , Hausen 1987 a , Baskin 2015 ). He worked in the laboratory of the eminent Berlin pathologist

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