Search Results
Search for other papers by Huy Gia Vuong in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Toru Odate in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Hanh T T Ngo in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Thong Quang Pham in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Thao T K Tran in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Kunio Mochizuki in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Tadao Nakazawa in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Ryohei Katoh in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Tetsuo Kondo in
Google Scholar
PubMed
of MEN2 syndrome and about 50% of sporadic MTCs ( DeLellis et al . 2004 , Elisei et al . 2008 ). The second most common mutation in MTCs is RAS mutation, prevalence of which ranges from 10 to 60% of RET- negative MTCs in various studies, with
Search for other papers by David L Vesely in
Google Scholar
PubMed
converts GTP to cyclic GMP ( Waldman et al . 1984 ). Cyclic GMP has a strong anticancer effect of decreasing human pancreatic cancer cell volume in vivo by 95% ( Vesely et al . 2004 ). Cyclic GMP inhibits the activation of kinases in the Ras–MEK 1/2–ERK
Search for other papers by Margarida M Moura in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Branca M Cavaco in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Unidade de Investigação em Patobiologia Molecular (UIPM), Serviço de Endocrinologia, Clínica Universitária de Endocrinologia, Instituto Português de Oncologia de Lisboa Francisco Gentil E.P.E., Rua Prof. Lima Basto, 1099-023 Lisboa, Portugal
Unidade de Investigação em Patobiologia Molecular (UIPM), Serviço de Endocrinologia, Clínica Universitária de Endocrinologia, Instituto Português de Oncologia de Lisboa Francisco Gentil E.P.E., Rua Prof. Lima Basto, 1099-023 Lisboa, Portugal
Search for other papers by Valeriano Leite in
Google Scholar
PubMed
RAS in human cancer Introduction RAS research begins in 1964 with an observation by Jennifer Harvey (1964) that a murine leukemia virus, obtained from a leukemic rat, induced sarcomas in new-born rodents. Three additional
Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
Search for other papers by Miguel A Zaballos in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
Search for other papers by Adrián Acuña-Ruiz in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnología de Cantabria (IBBTEC), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, Spain
Search for other papers by Marta Morante in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnología de Cantabria (IBBTEC), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, Spain
Search for other papers by Piero Crespo in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
Search for other papers by Pilar Santisteban in
Google Scholar
PubMed
of effective treatments for advanced thyroid carcinomas. Thyroid cancer is essentially an ERK-driven carcinoma. BRAF (rapidly accelerated fibrosarcoma type-B) mutations are found in up to 60% of PTC, followed by mutations in the different RAS
Search for other papers by Vassiliki Kotoula in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Elias Sozopoulos in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Helen Litsiou in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Galinos Fanourakis in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Triantafyllia Koletsa in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Gerassimos Voutsinas in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Sophia Tseleni-Balafouta in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Department of Pathology, Department of Pathology, Laboratory of Environmental Mutagenesis and Carcinogenesis, Department of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Institute of Pathology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, University Campus, Thessaloniki 54006, Greece
Search for other papers by Constantine S Mitsiades in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Axel Wellmann in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Department of Pathology, Department of Pathology, Laboratory of Environmental Mutagenesis and Carcinogenesis, Department of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Institute of Pathology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, University Campus, Thessaloniki 54006, Greece
Department of Pathology, Department of Pathology, Laboratory of Environmental Mutagenesis and Carcinogenesis, Department of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Institute of Pathology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, University Campus, Thessaloniki 54006, Greece
Search for other papers by Nicholas Mitsiades in
Google Scholar
PubMed
identify new targets for tailored therapies. The Raf kinase family comprises A-Raf, B-Raf, and C-Raf (also called Raf-1) that play central roles in the conserved Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK pathway. The latter acts to relay signals from cell surface receptors, such as
Search for other papers by Fabio L Forti in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Hugo A Armelin in
Google Scholar
PubMed
dependent on RhoA-GTP and involves drastic cellular morphological alterations. Amplification and overexpression of the K-ras oncogene is a major oncogenic lesion underlying the malignant state of the Y1 adrenocortical cell line ( Schwab et al . 1983
Serviço de Endocrinologia, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas da Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Faculdade de Medicina de Lisboa, Centro de Investigação de Patobiologia Molecular (CIPM) and
Search for other papers by Branca M Cavaco in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Pedro F Batista in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Carmo Martins in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Ana Banito in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Francisco do Rosário in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Edward Limbert in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Serviço de Endocrinologia, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas da Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Faculdade de Medicina de Lisboa, Centro de Investigação de Patobiologia Molecular (CIPM) and
Search for other papers by Luís G Sobrinho in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Serviço de Endocrinologia, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas da Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Faculdade de Medicina de Lisboa, Centro de Investigação de Patobiologia Molecular (CIPM) and
Serviço de Endocrinologia, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas da Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Faculdade de Medicina de Lisboa, Centro de Investigação de Patobiologia Molecular (CIPM) and
Search for other papers by Valeriano Leite in
Google Scholar
PubMed
majority of sporadic PTC, and a significant proportion of the FTA/FTC, harbours activating mutations in genes from the RAS/RAF pathway ( Kimura et al . 2003 , Vasko et al . 2003 ), no oncogenic germline mutations have been detected in the K -, N
Institute of Endocrinology e Experimental Oncology, Department of Biology and Cellular, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, National Institute of Digestive Diseases, CNR, Via Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
Search for other papers by Chiara Laezza in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Anna Maria Malfitano in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Maria Chiara Proto in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Iolanda Esposito in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Patrizia Gazzerro in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Pietro Formisano in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Simona Pisanti in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Antonietta Santoro in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Maria Gabriella Caruso in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Maurizio Bifulco in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Ras family proteins ( Laezza et al . 2006 a , b ). The rate-limiting enzyme for the synthesis of MVA is HMG-CoA reductase, a critical regulator of cell proliferation in normal as well as in tumor cells ( Bifulco et al . 1995 ). At the transcriptional
Search for other papers by Janos Geli in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Nimrod Kiss in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Fredrik Lanner in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Theodoros Foukakis in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Natalia Natalishvili in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Olle Larsson in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Per Kogner in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Anders Höög in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Geoffrey J Clark in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Tomas J Ekström in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Martin Bäckdahl in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Filip Farnebo in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Catharina Larsson in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Introduction The Ras family consists of small GTP-binding proteins with an established role in basic cellular functions related to growth, differentiation and apoptosis. Upon activation, Ras molecules can contribute to tumorigenesis
Search for other papers by Marie-Claude Hofmann in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Muthusamy Kunnimalaiyaan in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Jennifer R Wang in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Naifa L Busaidy in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Steven I Sherman in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Stephen Y Lai in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Mark Zafereo in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Maria E Cabanillas in
Google Scholar
PubMed
signaling molecules such as RAS and protein kinases functioning in signaling cascades ( Fig. 1 ). Phosphorylation through protein kinases regulates key cellular processes that include gene expression, proliferation, differentiation, motility, membrane