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Zixia Tao Department of General Surgery, Thyroid and Parathyroid Center, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China

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Xianzhao Deng Department of General Surgery, Thyroid and Parathyroid Center, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China

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Bomin Guo Department of General Surgery, Thyroid and Parathyroid Center, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China

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Zheng Ding Department of General Surgery, Thyroid and Parathyroid Center, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China

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Youben Fan Department of General Surgery, Thyroid and Parathyroid Center, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China

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latest trends in MTC and demonstrated the detailed subgroup trends for the first time, based on the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) program. The results of our study indicate that the incidence and mortality of MTC in the USA is still

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Sarah B Bateni Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
University of Alabama at Birmingham, Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, Birmingham, Alabama, USA

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Natalie G Coburn Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Susan Leslie Clinic for Neuroendocrine Tumors, Odette Cancer Centre - Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Clinical evaluative sciences, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

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Calvin Law Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Susan Leslie Clinic for Neuroendocrine Tumors, Odette Cancer Centre - Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

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Simron Singh Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Susan Leslie Clinic for Neuroendocrine Tumors, Odette Cancer Centre - Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Clinical evaluative sciences, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

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Sten Myrehaug Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Susan Leslie Clinic for Neuroendocrine Tumors, Odette Cancer Centre - Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Clinical evaluative sciences, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

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Angela Assal Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Susan Leslie Clinic for Neuroendocrine Tumors, Odette Cancer Centre - Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Clinical evaluative sciences, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

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Julie Hallet Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Susan Leslie Clinic for Neuroendocrine Tumors, Odette Cancer Centre - Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Clinical evaluative sciences, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

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associated with inferior OS and CSS compared to no SPC. Methods Study design and data sources We performed a retrospective population-based cohort study using the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) program. SEER collects patient

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Ryan K Orosco Division of Head and Neck Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, USA

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Timon Hussain Division of Head and Neck Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, USA

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Julia E Noel Division of Head and Neck Surgery, Department of Otolaryngology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, USA

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David C Chang Codman Center for Clinical Effectiveness in Surgery, Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

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Chrysoula Dosiou Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA

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Erik Mittra Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA

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Vasu Divi Division of Head and Neck Surgery, Department of Otolaryngology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, USA

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Lisa A Orloff Division of Head and Neck Surgery, Department of Otolaryngology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, USA

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, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database from 1992 to 2009 who had DTC as their only malignancy. Histopathology inclusion criteria were papillary or follicular carcinomas (ICD-O-3 C73.9; histology 8050, 8260, 8330, 8331, 8332, 8335, 8340, 8341, 8342, or

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Huy Gia Vuong Department of Pathology, Oklahoma University Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA

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Truong P X Nguyen Department of Pathology, Cho Ray Hospital, Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam

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Hanh T T Ngo Department of Pathology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam

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Lewis Hassell Department of Pathology, Oklahoma University Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA

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Kennichi Kakudo Department of Pathology and Thyroid Disease Center, Izumi City General Hospital, Izumi-city, Wake-cho, Japan

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data from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Result (SEER) program and literature to clarify these gaps of knowledge. Materials and methods Patient selection from the SEER database MTT cases were searched from 1975 to 2016 among 18 SEER

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Yushan Mao Laboratory for Cellular and Molecular Thyroid Research, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Maryland, MD, USA

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Mingzhao Xing Laboratory for Cellular and Molecular Thyroid Research, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Maryland, MD, USA

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2000 and 2009, which was the highest among all cancers ( Siegel et al. 2013 ). The Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) program has reported the age-adjusted incidence rate of thyroid cancer to be 13.5 per 100,000 people in the general

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Sunil Amin Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, 5 East 98th Street, 11th Floor, New York, New York 10029, USA

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Richard R P Warner Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, 5 East 98th Street, 11th Floor, New York, New York 10029, USA
Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, 5 East 98th Street, 11th Floor, New York, New York 10029, USA

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Steven H Itzkowitz Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, 5 East 98th Street, 11th Floor, New York, New York 10029, USA
Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, 5 East 98th Street, 11th Floor, New York, New York 10029, USA

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Michelle Kang Kim Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, 5 East 98th Street, 11th Floor, New York, New York 10029, USA
Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, 5 East 98th Street, 11th Floor, New York, New York 10029, USA

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develop metastatic disease. It is difficult to predict survival patterns in patients with SICs due to their heterogeneous biological behavior ( Modlin et al . 2008 ). The Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database predicts 5-year survival

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Andrea Panunzio Department of Urology, University of Verona, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata di Verona, Verona, Italy
Cancer Prognostics and Health Outcomes Unit, Division of Urology, University of Montréal Health Center, Montréal, Québec, Canada

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Stefano Tappero Cancer Prognostics and Health Outcomes Unit, Division of Urology, University of Montréal Health Center, Montréal, Québec, Canada
Department of Surgical and Diagnostic Integrated Sciences (DISC), University of Genova, Genova, Italy
Department of Urology, IRCCS Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy

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Lukas Hohenhorst Cancer Prognostics and Health Outcomes Unit, Division of Urology, University of Montréal Health Center, Montréal, Québec, Canada
Martini-Klinik Prostate Cancer Center, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany

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Cristina Cano Garcia Cancer Prognostics and Health Outcomes Unit, Division of Urology, University of Montréal Health Center, Montréal, Québec, Canada
Department of Urology, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany

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Mattia Piccinelli Cancer Prognostics and Health Outcomes Unit, Division of Urology, University of Montréal Health Center, Montréal, Québec, Canada
Department of Urology, IEO European Institute of Oncology, IRCCS, Milan, Italy

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Francesco Barletta Cancer Prognostics and Health Outcomes Unit, Division of Urology, University of Montréal Health Center, Montréal, Québec, Canada
Department of Urology and Division of Experimental Oncology, URI, Urological Research Institute, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy

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Zhe Tian Cancer Prognostics and Health Outcomes Unit, Division of Urology, University of Montréal Health Center, Montréal, Québec, Canada

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Alessandro Tafuri Department of Urology, University of Verona, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata di Verona, Verona, Italy

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Alberto Briganti Department of Urology and Division of Experimental Oncology, URI, Urological Research Institute, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy

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Ottavio De Cobelli Department of Urology, IEO European Institute of Oncology, IRCCS, Milan, Italy

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Felix K H Chun Department of Urology, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany

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Derya Tilki Martini-Klinik Prostate Cancer Center, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
Department of Urology, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
Department of Urology, Koc University Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey

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Carlo Terrone Department of Surgical and Diagnostic Integrated Sciences (DISC), University of Genova, Genova, Italy
Department of Urology, IRCCS Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy

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Fred Saad Cancer Prognostics and Health Outcomes Unit, Division of Urology, University of Montréal Health Center, Montréal, Québec, Canada

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Shahrokh F Shariat Department of Urology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
Departments of Urology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA
Department of Urology, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, Texas, USA
Hourani Center for Applied Scientific Research, Al-Ahliyya Amman University, Amman, Jordan

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Isabelle Bourdeau Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine and Research Center, Centre hospitalier de l’Université de Montreal (CHUM), Montreal, Canada

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Maria Angela Cerruto Department of Urology, University of Verona, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata di Verona, Verona, Italy

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Alessandro Antonelli Department of Urology, University of Verona, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata di Verona, Verona, Italy

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Pierre I Karakiewicz Cancer Prognostics and Health Outcomes Unit, Division of Urology, University of Montréal Health Center, Montréal, Québec, Canada

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/ethnicity, in overall as well as in stage-specific analyses. We tested these relationships within Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database (2004–2018). Materials and methods Study population The SEER database samples 48% of the USA

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Laura Sterian Ward Laboratory of Cancer Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (Unicamp), 126, Tessalia Vieira de Camargo Street, Cidade Universitaria, Campinas, Sao Paulo 13083-887, Brazil

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. 2009 , Li et al . 2013 ). The annual percent change that was 2.4% from 1980 to 1997 in the USA increased to 6.6% from 1997 to 2009 according to Cancer of The Thyroid – SEER Stat Fact Sheets ( Howlader et al . 2014 ). Although there are solid

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M Fraenkel
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M Kim Endocrinology, Mount Sinai Medical Center, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Endocrinology, Erasmus MC, Department of Internal Medicine, Soroka University Medical Center and the Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheeba, Israel

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A Faggiano Endocrinology, Mount Sinai Medical Center, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Endocrinology, Erasmus MC, Department of Internal Medicine, Soroka University Medical Center and the Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheeba, Israel
Endocrinology, Mount Sinai Medical Center, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Endocrinology, Erasmus MC, Department of Internal Medicine, Soroka University Medical Center and the Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheeba, Israel

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W W de Herder Endocrinology, Mount Sinai Medical Center, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Endocrinology, Erasmus MC, Department of Internal Medicine, Soroka University Medical Center and the Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheeba, Israel

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G D Valk Endocrinology, Mount Sinai Medical Center, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Endocrinology, Erasmus MC, Department of Internal Medicine, Soroka University Medical Center and the Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheeba, Israel

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On behalf of the Knowledge NETwork
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and End Results (SEER) database is publicly available, different groups had used the same data and reported similar IRs over similar time periods. In the majority of cases, we included all papers as the studies reported the incidence of NETs using

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Letizia Maria Ippolita Jannello Cancer Prognostics and Health Outcomes Unit, Division of Urology, University of Montréal Health Center, Montréal, Québec, Canada
Department of Urology IEO European Institute of Oncology, IRCCS, Via Ripamonti, Milan, Italy
Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy

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Simone Morra Cancer Prognostics and Health Outcomes Unit, Division of Urology, University of Montréal Health Center, Montréal, Québec, Canada
Department of Neurosciences, Science of Reproduction and Odontostomatology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy

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Lukas Scheipner Cancer Prognostics and Health Outcomes Unit, Division of Urology, University of Montréal Health Center, Montréal, Québec, Canada
Department of Urology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria

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Andrea Baudo Cancer Prognostics and Health Outcomes Unit, Division of Urology, University of Montréal Health Center, Montréal, Québec, Canada
Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
Department of Urology, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, Milan, Italy

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Carolin Siech Cancer Prognostics and Health Outcomes Unit, Division of Urology, University of Montréal Health Center, Montréal, Québec, Canada
Department of Urology, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany

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Mario de Angelis Cancer Prognostics and Health Outcomes Unit, Division of Urology, University of Montréal Health Center, Montréal, Québec, Canada
Division of Experimental Oncology/Unit of Urology, URI, Urological Research Institute, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy

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Nawar Touma Cancer Prognostics and Health Outcomes Unit, Division of Urology, University of Montréal Health Center, Montréal, Québec, Canada

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Zhe Tian Cancer Prognostics and Health Outcomes Unit, Division of Urology, University of Montréal Health Center, Montréal, Québec, Canada

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Jordan A Goyal Cancer Prognostics and Health Outcomes Unit, Division of Urology, University of Montréal Health Center, Montréal, Québec, Canada

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Stefano Luzzago Department of Urology IEO European Institute of Oncology, IRCCS, Via Ripamonti, Milan, Italy
Department of Oncology and Haemato-Oncology, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy

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Francesco A Mistretta Department of Urology IEO European Institute of Oncology, IRCCS, Via Ripamonti, Milan, Italy
Department of Oncology and Haemato-Oncology, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy

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Mattia Luca Piccinelli Department of Urology IEO European Institute of Oncology, IRCCS, Via Ripamonti, Milan, Italy
Department of Oncology and Haemato-Oncology, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy

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Fred Saad Cancer Prognostics and Health Outcomes Unit, Division of Urology, University of Montréal Health Center, Montréal, Québec, Canada

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Felix K H Chun Department of Urology, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany

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Alberto Briganti Division of Experimental Oncology/Unit of Urology, URI, Urological Research Institute, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy

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Sascha Ahyai Department of Urology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria

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Luca Carmignani Department of Urology, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, Milan, Italy
Department of Urology, IRCCS Ospedale Galeazzi - Sant'Ambrogio, Milan, Italy

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Nicola Longo Department of Neurosciences, Science of Reproduction and Odontostomatology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy

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Ottavio de Cobelli Department of Urology IEO European Institute of Oncology, IRCCS, Via Ripamonti, Milan, Italy
Department of Oncology and Haemato-Oncology, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy

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Gennaro Musi Department of Urology IEO European Institute of Oncology, IRCCS, Via Ripamonti, Milan, Italy
Department of Oncology and Haemato-Oncology, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy

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Pierre I Karakiewicz Cancer Prognostics and Health Outcomes Unit, Division of Urology, University of Montréal Health Center, Montréal, Québec, Canada

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relied on the Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) database to address this objective. Materials and methods Data source and study population Within the SEER database (2004–2020), we identified newly diagnosed and histologically

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