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David Viola Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy

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Laura Valerio Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy

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Eleonora Molinaro Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy

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Laura Agate Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy

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Valeria Bottici Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy

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Agnese Biagini Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy

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Loredana Lorusso Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy

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Virginia Cappagli Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy

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Letizia Pieruzzi Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy

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Carlotta Giani Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy

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Elena Sabini Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy

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Paolo Passannati Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy

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Luciana Puleo Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy

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Antonio Matrone Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy

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Benedetta Pontillo-Contillo Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy

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Valentina Battaglia Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy

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Salvatore Mazzeo Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy

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Paolo Vitti Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy

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Rossella Elisei Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy

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. 2013 ). Until recently, no effective therapeutic options have been available for patients with any type of advanced thyroid cancer. In fact, EBRT has significant toxicity and mainly plays a palliative role, and classical cytotoxic chemotherapies have

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Eyun Song Department of Internal Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Songpa-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea

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Dong Eun Song Department of Pathology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Songpa-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea

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Jonghwa Ahn Department of Internal Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Songpa-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea

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Tae Yong Kim Department of Internal Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Songpa-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea

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Won Bae Kim Department of Internal Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Songpa-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea

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Young Kee Shong Department of Internal Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Songpa-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea

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Min Ji Jeon Department of Internal Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Songpa-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea

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Won Gu Kim Department of Internal Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Songpa-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea

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thyroid carcinomas (PTCs) to develop a homogeneous cohort ( Cancer Genome Atlas Research Network 2014 ). Limited data exist regarding the mutational profile in advanced thyroid cancers, such as poorly differentiated thyroid carcinomas (PDTCs), anaplastic

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Mabel Ryder Endocrinology Service, Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Department of Pathology, Department of Medicine
Endocrinology Service, Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Department of Pathology, Department of Medicine

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Ronald A Ghossein Endocrinology Service, Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Department of Pathology, Department of Medicine

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Julio C M Ricarte-Filho Endocrinology Service, Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Department of Pathology, Department of Medicine

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Jeffrey A Knauf Endocrinology Service, Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Department of Pathology, Department of Medicine
Endocrinology Service, Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Department of Pathology, Department of Medicine

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James A Fagin Endocrinology Service, Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Department of Pathology, Department of Medicine
Endocrinology Service, Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Department of Pathology, Department of Medicine

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density of TAMs ( n =3) and tumors with a high density of TAMs ( n =3). Discussion Our study demonstrates, for the first time, that an increased density of TAMs is associated with tumor progression in advanced thyroid cancers. There is a remarkably strong

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Xiangqian Zheng Thyroid Neck Oncology Department, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute & Hospital, Tianjin, Tianjin, China

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Meiyu Fang Department of Thoracic Oncology, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China

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Yun Fan Department of Thoracic Oncology, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China

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Yuping Sun Department of Oncology, Jinan Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China

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Meili Sun Department of Oncology, Jinan Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China

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Ankui Yang Head and Neck Surgery, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China

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Bin Zhang Head and Neck Surgery Department, Beijing Cancer Hospital, Beijing, Beijing, China

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Qinjiang Liu Head and Neck Surgery, Gansu Provincial Cancer Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu, China

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Hui Liu Head and Neck Oncology Surgical Department, Fujian Provincial Cancer Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, China

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Xiaohong Zhou Head and Neck Surgery, Chongqing Cancer Hospital, Chongqing, Chongqing, China

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Tao Huang Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Union Hospital affiliated to Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China

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Jianwu Qin Head and Neck Surgery, Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, China

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Zhaohui Wang Head and Neck Surgery Department, Sichuan Cancer Hospital & Institute, Chengdu, Sichuan, China

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Mengmeng Qin Clinical Department, CStone Pharmaceuticals (Suzhou) Co., Ltd., Suzhou, Jiangsu, China

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Zhenwei Shen Clinical Department, CStone Pharmaceuticals (Suzhou) Co., Ltd., Suzhou, Jiangsu, China

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Sheng Yao Clinical Department, CStone Pharmaceuticals (Suzhou) Co., Ltd., Suzhou, Jiangsu, China

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Jason Yang Clinical Department, CStone Pharmaceuticals (Suzhou) Co., Ltd., Suzhou, Jiangsu, China

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Yu Wang Head and Neck Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, Shanghai, China

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Ming Gao Thyroid Neck Oncology Department, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute & Hospital, Tianjin, Tianjin, China
Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Tianjin Union Medical Center, Tianjin, Tianjin, China

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–2 treatment-related adverse events reported in at least 10% of patients and all grades 3–5 events are shown. MTC, medullary thyroid cancer; RET , rearranged during transfection. Discussion To date, Chinese patients with advanced MTC

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Marcia S Brose Department of Medical Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA

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Jaume Capdevila Gastrointestinal and Endocrine Tumor Unit, Medical Oncology Department, Vall d’Hebron University Hospital, Vall d’Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Barcelona, Spain

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Rossella Elisei Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy

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Lars Bastholt Department of Clinical Oncology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark

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Dagmar Führer-Sakel Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism and Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany

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Sophie Leboulleux Department of Nuclear Medicine and Endocrine Oncology, Gustave Roussy and Université Paris Saclay, Villejuif, France
Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology, Nutrition and Therapeutic Education, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Genève, Geneve, Switzerland

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Iwao Sugitani Department of Endocrine Surgery, Nippon Medical School Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan

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Matthew H Taylor Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Providence Cancer Institute, Portland, Oregon, USA

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Zhuoying Wang Department of Head Neck Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
Department of Head Neck Surgery, Renji Hospital Affiliated to Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China

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Lori J Wirth Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

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Francis P Worden Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA

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John Bernard Sanofi, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA

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Paolo Caferra Sanofi, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy

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Raffaella M Colzani Sanofi, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA

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Shiguang Liu Sanofi, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA

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Martin Schlumberger Department of Nuclear Medicine and Endocrine Oncology, Gustave Roussy and Université Paris Saclay, Villejuif, France

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confirmed histological diagnosis of locally advanced or metastatic DTC (including poorly differentiated thyroid cancer and follicular DTC) not amenable to surgical resection, external beam radiotherapy, or other local therapies. Measurable disease, as

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Mimi I Hu Department of Endocrine Neoplasia and Hormonal Disorders, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA

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Rossella Elisei Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy

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Marek Dedecjus M. Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland

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Aron Popovtzer Davidoff Cancer Center, Tel-Aviv University, Petah Tikva, Israel

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Maralyn Druce William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, UK

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Ellen Kapiteijn Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands

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Furio Pacini Thyroid Unit, University of Siena, Siena, Italy

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Laura Locati Head and Neck Medical Oncology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy

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Jolanta Krajewska M. Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Institute Cancer Center, Gliwice Branch, Gliwice, Poland

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Richard Weiss Sanofi Genzyme, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA

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Robert F Gagel Department of Endocrine Neoplasia and Hormonal Disorders, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA

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advanced medullary thyroid cancer: review of adverse event management strategies . Advances in Therapy 30 945 – 966 . ( https://doi.org/10.1007/s12325-013-0069-5 ) 24249433 10.1007/s12325-013-0069-5 Hundahl SA Fleming ID Fremgen AM Menck HR 1998

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Olga Karapanou Endocrine Department, 401 General Military Hospital of Athens, Athens, Greece

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George Simeakis Endocrine Department, 401 General Military Hospital of Athens, Athens, Greece
Department of Clinical Therapeutics, Alexandra Hospital Athens University School of Medicine, Endocrine Unit, Athens, Greece

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Barbara Vlassopoulou Endocrine Department, Evangelismos Athens General Hospital, Athens, Greece

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Maria Alevizaki Department of Clinical Therapeutics, Alexandra Hospital Athens University School of Medicine, Endocrine Unit, Athens, Greece

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Katerina Saltiki Department of Clinical Therapeutics, Alexandra Hospital Athens University School of Medicine, Endocrine Unit, Athens, Greece

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reasons or after nuclear accidents. The acquisition of further activating mutations in other genes or loss of function mutations in tumor suppressor genes ex TP53 is a frequent event in advanced thyroid cancer leading to dedifferentiation ( Fagin & Wells

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Tara Williamson Departments of Neurosurgery and Oncology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA

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Thais Biude Mendes Genetic Bases of Thyroid Tumors Laboratory, Division of Genetics, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil

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Natalie Joe Departments of Neurosurgery and Oncology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA

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Janete M Cerutti Genetic Bases of Thyroid Tumors Laboratory, Division of Genetics, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil

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Gregory J Riggins Departments of Neurosurgery and Oncology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA

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-stage papillary thyroid cancers (>5 cm in diameter), resulting in increased annual mortality rates in thyroid cancer in the United States ( Lim et al . 2017 ). PTC can progress to advanced poorly differentiated (PDTC) or anaplastic (ATC) subtypes without the

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Ana Albero Department of Oncology, Andalusian Agency for Health Technology Assessment (AETSA), Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, University Hospital ‘Virgen Macarena’, Seville, Spain

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Juliana Ester Lopéz Department of Oncology, Andalusian Agency for Health Technology Assessment (AETSA), Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, University Hospital ‘Virgen Macarena’, Seville, Spain

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Alberto Torres Department of Oncology, Andalusian Agency for Health Technology Assessment (AETSA), Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, University Hospital ‘Virgen Macarena’, Seville, Spain

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Luis de la Cruz Department of Oncology, Andalusian Agency for Health Technology Assessment (AETSA), Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, University Hospital ‘Virgen Macarena’, Seville, Spain

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Tomas Martín Department of Oncology, Andalusian Agency for Health Technology Assessment (AETSA), Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, University Hospital ‘Virgen Macarena’, Seville, Spain

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SS Karamouzis MV Burmeister LA 2008 A phase II trial of doxorubicin and interferon alpha 2b in advanced, non-medullary thyroid cancer . Investigational New Drugs 26 183 – 188 . ( doi:10.1007/s10637-007-9091-2 ). Benker G Reinwein D

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Xianhui Ruan Department of Thyroid and Neck Tumor, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, China

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Xianle Shi State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, 2011 Collaborative Innovation Center of Tianjin for Medical Epigenetics and College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China

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Qiman Dong State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, 2011 Collaborative Innovation Center of Tianjin for Medical Epigenetics and College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China

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Yang Yu Department of Thyroid and Neck Tumor, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, China

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Xiukun Hou Department of Thyroid and Neck Tumor, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, China

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Xinhao Song State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, 2011 Collaborative Innovation Center of Tianjin for Medical Epigenetics and College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China

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Xi Wei Department of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Ultrasonography, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, China

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Lingyi Chen State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, 2011 Collaborative Innovation Center of Tianjin for Medical Epigenetics and College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China

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Ming Gao Department of Thyroid and Neck Tumor, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, China

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, radioiodine, and thyroid hormone therapy ( McFarland & Misiukiewicz 2014 ). However, there are few treatment options available for patients with advanced disease, including radioiodine-resistant and metastatic differentiated thyroid cancer and anaplastic

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