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Kyungmin Lee Biotherapeutics Translational Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea

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Sang-Hyun Lee Biotherapeutics Translational Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, Republic of Korea

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Wooil Kim Biotherapeutics Translational Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
Department of Biomolecular Science, KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science & Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea

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Jangwook Lee Biotherapeutics Translational Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, Republic of Korea

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Jong-Gil Park Biotherapeutics Translational Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, Republic of Korea

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Jang-Seong Kim Biotherapeutics Translational Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, Republic of Korea

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Jung Tae Kim Department of Medical Science, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea

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Yea Eun Kang Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea

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Minho Shong Department of Internal Medicine, Chungnam National University, School of Medicine, Daejeon, Republic of Korea

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Hyo Jin Lee Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea

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Jin-Man Kim Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea

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Won Gu Kim Department of Internal Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea

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Bon Seok Koo Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea

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Koon Soon Kim Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
Daejeon Endo Internal Medicine, Daejeon, Republic of Korea

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Jeong-Ki Min Biotherapeutics Translational Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
Department of Biomolecular Science, KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science & Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea

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potential of tyrosine kinase inhibitors in the treatment of ATC with low Dsg2 expression levels by targeting hepatocyte growth factor receptor (HGFR, c-MET). Materials and methods Patients and tissue specimens We retrospectively selected 10 ATC

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Gina Chia-Yi Chu Uro-Oncology Research, Surgery, Biomedical Sciences, Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Center, Department of Pathology, Department of Pathology, Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Department of Medicine, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8750 Beverly Blvd., Atrium 103, Los Angeles, California 90048, USA Departments of

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Haiyen E Zhau Uro-Oncology Research, Surgery, Biomedical Sciences, Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Center, Department of Pathology, Department of Pathology, Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Department of Medicine, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8750 Beverly Blvd., Atrium 103, Los Angeles, California 90048, USA Departments of

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Ruoxiang Wang Uro-Oncology Research, Surgery, Biomedical Sciences, Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Center, Department of Pathology, Department of Pathology, Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Department of Medicine, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8750 Beverly Blvd., Atrium 103, Los Angeles, California 90048, USA Departments of

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André Rogatko Uro-Oncology Research, Surgery, Biomedical Sciences, Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Center, Department of Pathology, Department of Pathology, Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Department of Medicine, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8750 Beverly Blvd., Atrium 103, Los Angeles, California 90048, USA Departments of
Uro-Oncology Research, Surgery, Biomedical Sciences, Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Center, Department of Pathology, Department of Pathology, Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Department of Medicine, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8750 Beverly Blvd., Atrium 103, Los Angeles, California 90048, USA Departments of

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Xu Feng Uro-Oncology Research, Surgery, Biomedical Sciences, Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Center, Department of Pathology, Department of Pathology, Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Department of Medicine, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8750 Beverly Blvd., Atrium 103, Los Angeles, California 90048, USA Departments of

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Majd Zayzafoon Uro-Oncology Research, Surgery, Biomedical Sciences, Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Center, Department of Pathology, Department of Pathology, Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Department of Medicine, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8750 Beverly Blvd., Atrium 103, Los Angeles, California 90048, USA Departments of

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Youhua Liu Uro-Oncology Research, Surgery, Biomedical Sciences, Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Center, Department of Pathology, Department of Pathology, Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Department of Medicine, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8750 Beverly Blvd., Atrium 103, Los Angeles, California 90048, USA Departments of

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Mary C Farach-Carson Uro-Oncology Research, Surgery, Biomedical Sciences, Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Center, Department of Pathology, Department of Pathology, Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Department of Medicine, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8750 Beverly Blvd., Atrium 103, Los Angeles, California 90048, USA Departments of

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Sungyong You Uro-Oncology Research, Surgery, Biomedical Sciences, Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Center, Department of Pathology, Department of Pathology, Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Department of Medicine, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8750 Beverly Blvd., Atrium 103, Los Angeles, California 90048, USA Departments of
Uro-Oncology Research, Surgery, Biomedical Sciences, Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Center, Department of Pathology, Department of Pathology, Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Department of Medicine, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8750 Beverly Blvd., Atrium 103, Los Angeles, California 90048, USA Departments of

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Jayoung Kim Uro-Oncology Research, Surgery, Biomedical Sciences, Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Center, Department of Pathology, Department of Pathology, Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Department of Medicine, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8750 Beverly Blvd., Atrium 103, Los Angeles, California 90048, USA Departments of
Uro-Oncology Research, Surgery, Biomedical Sciences, Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Center, Department of Pathology, Department of Pathology, Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Department of Medicine, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8750 Beverly Blvd., Atrium 103, Los Angeles, California 90048, USA Departments of

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Michael R Freeman Uro-Oncology Research, Surgery, Biomedical Sciences, Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Center, Department of Pathology, Department of Pathology, Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Department of Medicine, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8750 Beverly Blvd., Atrium 103, Los Angeles, California 90048, USA Departments of
Uro-Oncology Research, Surgery, Biomedical Sciences, Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Center, Department of Pathology, Department of Pathology, Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Department of Medicine, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8750 Beverly Blvd., Atrium 103, Los Angeles, California 90048, USA Departments of
Uro-Oncology Research, Surgery, Biomedical Sciences, Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Center, Department of Pathology, Department of Pathology, Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Department of Medicine, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8750 Beverly Blvd., Atrium 103, Los Angeles, California 90048, USA Departments of

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Leland W K Chung Uro-Oncology Research, Surgery, Biomedical Sciences, Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Center, Department of Pathology, Department of Pathology, Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Department of Medicine, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8750 Beverly Blvd., Atrium 103, Los Angeles, California 90048, USA Departments of
Uro-Oncology Research, Surgery, Biomedical Sciences, Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Center, Department of Pathology, Department of Pathology, Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Department of Medicine, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8750 Beverly Blvd., Atrium 103, Los Angeles, California 90048, USA Departments of

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bone and soft tissue homing ( Josson et al . 2011 ). These findings support an important role for RANKL–RANK signaling in PCa metastasis. Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) and its receptor tyrosine kinase c-Met mediate cell motility, migration, increased

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Stephen Hiscox
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Nicola J Jordan
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Wen Jiang
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Richard McClelland
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Chris Smith
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Robert I Nicholson
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/SF) is a multifunctional cytokine produced by stromal cells and exerts its effects in a paracrine fashion, through activation of the c-Met receptor protein, which is frequently expressed on the cells of epithelial origin ( Comoglio & Trusolino 2002

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Ralph Blumhardt University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio Military Medical Center, Tennessee Valley VA Healthcare System, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, UAMS Thyroid Center, San Antonio, Texas, USA

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Ely A Wolin University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio Military Medical Center, Tennessee Valley VA Healthcare System, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, UAMS Thyroid Center, San Antonio, Texas, USA
University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio Military Medical Center, Tennessee Valley VA Healthcare System, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, UAMS Thyroid Center, San Antonio, Texas, USA

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William T Phillips University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio Military Medical Center, Tennessee Valley VA Healthcare System, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, UAMS Thyroid Center, San Antonio, Texas, USA

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Umber A Salman University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio Military Medical Center, Tennessee Valley VA Healthcare System, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, UAMS Thyroid Center, San Antonio, Texas, USA

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Ronald C Walker University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio Military Medical Center, Tennessee Valley VA Healthcare System, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, UAMS Thyroid Center, San Antonio, Texas, USA
University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio Military Medical Center, Tennessee Valley VA Healthcare System, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, UAMS Thyroid Center, San Antonio, Texas, USA

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Brendan C Stack Jr University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio Military Medical Center, Tennessee Valley VA Healthcare System, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, UAMS Thyroid Center, San Antonio, Texas, USA

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Darlene Metter University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio Military Medical Center, Tennessee Valley VA Healthcare System, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, UAMS Thyroid Center, San Antonio, Texas, USA

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differentiated thyroid carcinoma . Annals of Otology, Rhinology, and Laryngology 115 607 – 610 . ( doi:10.1177/000348940611500806 ). Bohuslavizki KH Brenner W Lassmann S Tinnemeyer S Tonshoff G Sippel C

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the association between the MetS and endometrial cancer risk. Thus, there were two main objectives of this prospective study: 1) to assess the risk of endometrial cancer in relation to baseline plasma levels of total cholesterol, HDL-C, low

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Cristina Rodríguez-Antona Hereditary Endocrine Cancer Group, ISCIII Center for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Pathology Department, Histopathology Core Unit, Endocrinology Division, Endocrinology Service, Human Cancer Genetics Programme, Spanish National Cancer Center (CNIO), Melchor Fernández Almagro 3, 28029 Madrid, Spain
Hereditary Endocrine Cancer Group, ISCIII Center for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Pathology Department, Histopathology Core Unit, Endocrinology Division, Endocrinology Service, Human Cancer Genetics Programme, Spanish National Cancer Center (CNIO), Melchor Fernández Almagro 3, 28029 Madrid, Spain

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Iván Muñoz-Repeto Hereditary Endocrine Cancer Group, ISCIII Center for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Pathology Department, Histopathology Core Unit, Endocrinology Division, Endocrinology Service, Human Cancer Genetics Programme, Spanish National Cancer Center (CNIO), Melchor Fernández Almagro 3, 28029 Madrid, Spain

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Lucia Inglada-Pérez Hereditary Endocrine Cancer Group, ISCIII Center for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Pathology Department, Histopathology Core Unit, Endocrinology Division, Endocrinology Service, Human Cancer Genetics Programme, Spanish National Cancer Center (CNIO), Melchor Fernández Almagro 3, 28029 Madrid, Spain
Hereditary Endocrine Cancer Group, ISCIII Center for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Pathology Department, Histopathology Core Unit, Endocrinology Division, Endocrinology Service, Human Cancer Genetics Programme, Spanish National Cancer Center (CNIO), Melchor Fernández Almagro 3, 28029 Madrid, Spain

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Aguirre A de Cubas Hereditary Endocrine Cancer Group, ISCIII Center for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Pathology Department, Histopathology Core Unit, Endocrinology Division, Endocrinology Service, Human Cancer Genetics Programme, Spanish National Cancer Center (CNIO), Melchor Fernández Almagro 3, 28029 Madrid, Spain

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Veronika Mancikova Hereditary Endocrine Cancer Group, ISCIII Center for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Pathology Department, Histopathology Core Unit, Endocrinology Division, Endocrinology Service, Human Cancer Genetics Programme, Spanish National Cancer Center (CNIO), Melchor Fernández Almagro 3, 28029 Madrid, Spain

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Marta Cañamero Hereditary Endocrine Cancer Group, ISCIII Center for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Pathology Department, Histopathology Core Unit, Endocrinology Division, Endocrinology Service, Human Cancer Genetics Programme, Spanish National Cancer Center (CNIO), Melchor Fernández Almagro 3, 28029 Madrid, Spain

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Agnieszka Maliszewska Hereditary Endocrine Cancer Group, ISCIII Center for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Pathology Department, Histopathology Core Unit, Endocrinology Division, Endocrinology Service, Human Cancer Genetics Programme, Spanish National Cancer Center (CNIO), Melchor Fernández Almagro 3, 28029 Madrid, Spain

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Álvaro Gómez Hereditary Endocrine Cancer Group, ISCIII Center for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Pathology Department, Histopathology Core Unit, Endocrinology Division, Endocrinology Service, Human Cancer Genetics Programme, Spanish National Cancer Center (CNIO), Melchor Fernández Almagro 3, 28029 Madrid, Spain

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Rocío Letón Hereditary Endocrine Cancer Group, ISCIII Center for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Pathology Department, Histopathology Core Unit, Endocrinology Division, Endocrinology Service, Human Cancer Genetics Programme, Spanish National Cancer Center (CNIO), Melchor Fernández Almagro 3, 28029 Madrid, Spain

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Luis J Leandro-García Hereditary Endocrine Cancer Group, ISCIII Center for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Pathology Department, Histopathology Core Unit, Endocrinology Division, Endocrinology Service, Human Cancer Genetics Programme, Spanish National Cancer Center (CNIO), Melchor Fernández Almagro 3, 28029 Madrid, Spain

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Iñaki Comino-Méndez Hereditary Endocrine Cancer Group, ISCIII Center for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Pathology Department, Histopathology Core Unit, Endocrinology Division, Endocrinology Service, Human Cancer Genetics Programme, Spanish National Cancer Center (CNIO), Melchor Fernández Almagro 3, 28029 Madrid, Spain

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Lara Sanchez Hereditary Endocrine Cancer Group, ISCIII Center for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Pathology Department, Histopathology Core Unit, Endocrinology Division, Endocrinology Service, Human Cancer Genetics Programme, Spanish National Cancer Center (CNIO), Melchor Fernández Almagro 3, 28029 Madrid, Spain

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Cristina Álvarez-Escolá Hereditary Endocrine Cancer Group, ISCIII Center for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Pathology Department, Histopathology Core Unit, Endocrinology Division, Endocrinology Service, Human Cancer Genetics Programme, Spanish National Cancer Center (CNIO), Melchor Fernández Almagro 3, 28029 Madrid, Spain

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Javier Aller Hereditary Endocrine Cancer Group, ISCIII Center for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Pathology Department, Histopathology Core Unit, Endocrinology Division, Endocrinology Service, Human Cancer Genetics Programme, Spanish National Cancer Center (CNIO), Melchor Fernández Almagro 3, 28029 Madrid, Spain

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Alberto Cascón Hereditary Endocrine Cancer Group, ISCIII Center for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Pathology Department, Histopathology Core Unit, Endocrinology Division, Endocrinology Service, Human Cancer Genetics Programme, Spanish National Cancer Center (CNIO), Melchor Fernández Almagro 3, 28029 Madrid, Spain
Hereditary Endocrine Cancer Group, ISCIII Center for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Pathology Department, Histopathology Core Unit, Endocrinology Division, Endocrinology Service, Human Cancer Genetics Programme, Spanish National Cancer Center (CNIO), Melchor Fernández Almagro 3, 28029 Madrid, Spain

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Mercedes Robledo Hereditary Endocrine Cancer Group, ISCIII Center for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Pathology Department, Histopathology Core Unit, Endocrinology Division, Endocrinology Service, Human Cancer Genetics Programme, Spanish National Cancer Center (CNIO), Melchor Fernández Almagro 3, 28029 Madrid, Spain
Hereditary Endocrine Cancer Group, ISCIII Center for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Pathology Department, Histopathology Core Unit, Endocrinology Division, Endocrinology Service, Human Cancer Genetics Programme, Spanish National Cancer Center (CNIO), Melchor Fernández Almagro 3, 28029 Madrid, Spain

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(43) 3 (43) 21 (35) 16 (61) a Only primary tumor cases included in the analysis. b A negative expression is indicated by ‘−’. c A positive expression is indicated by ‘+’. Table 3 Protein expression of EGFR, KIT, MET, PDGFRB, VEGF, VEGFR1, VEGFR2, and

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Elke Tatjana Aristizabal Prada Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Interdisciplinary Center of Neuroendocrine Tumors of the GastroEnteroPancreatic System (GEPNET-KUM), Klinikum der Universität München (KUM), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany

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Gerald Spöttl Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Interdisciplinary Center of Neuroendocrine Tumors of the GastroEnteroPancreatic System (GEPNET-KUM), Klinikum der Universität München (KUM), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany

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Julian Maurer Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Interdisciplinary Center of Neuroendocrine Tumors of the GastroEnteroPancreatic System (GEPNET-KUM), Klinikum der Universität München (KUM), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany

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Michael Lauseker Institute for Medical Information Sciences, Biometry, and Epidemiology, Campus Grosshadern, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Munich, Germany

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Eva Jolanthe Koziolek Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Medical Center Charité, Berlin, Germany
German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany

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Jörg Schrader I. Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany

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Ashley Grossman Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
Royal Free Hospital ENETS Centre of Excellence, London, UK

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Karel Pacak Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA

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Felix Beuschlein Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Interdisciplinary Center of Neuroendocrine Tumors of the GastroEnteroPancreatic System (GEPNET-KUM), Klinikum der Universität München (KUM), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
Klinik für Endokrinologie, Diabetologie und Klinische Ernährung, Universitätsspital Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland

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Christoph Joseph Auernhammer Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Interdisciplinary Center of Neuroendocrine Tumors of the GastroEnteroPancreatic System (GEPNET-KUM), Klinikum der Universität München (KUM), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany

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Svenja Nölting Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Interdisciplinary Center of Neuroendocrine Tumors of the GastroEnteroPancreatic System (GEPNET-KUM), Klinikum der Universität München (KUM), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany

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in both resistant cell lines, compared to the sensitive control cell line ( P  < 0.01). Everolimus resistance increased migration potential and baseline c-Met activation The migration assay reflected a significant increase in the

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Hyun-Seuk Moon Division of Endocrinology, Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA

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Christos S Mantzoros Division of Endocrinology, Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
Division of Endocrinology, Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA

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–60% at physiological and high physiological/pharmacological doses, i.e., 1–50 μg/ml Met when compared with control in human LoVo and mouse MCA38 colon cancer cell lines ( Fig. 1 C and D). Figure 1 Interleukin 1β (IL1β) and metformin (Met) regulate cell

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V V Vax Department of Endocrinology, St Bartholomew's Hospital, 59 Bartholomew Close, Unit 1-1, London EC1A 7BE, UK.

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M Gueorguiev Department of Endocrinology, St Bartholomew's Hospital, 59 Bartholomew Close, Unit 1-1, London EC1A 7BE, UK.

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I I Dedov Department of Endocrinology, St Bartholomew's Hospital, 59 Bartholomew Close, Unit 1-1, London EC1A 7BE, UK.

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A B Grossman Department of Endocrinology, St Bartholomew's Hospital, 59 Bartholomew Close, Unit 1-1, London EC1A 7BE, UK.

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M Korbonits Department of Endocrinology, St Bartholomew's Hospital, 59 Bartholomew Close, Unit 1-1, London EC1A 7BE, UK.

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The oncogenes and/or tumour suppressor genes which may be involved in the transformation process for the vast majority of pituitary tumours remain unknown. There is substantial evidence for derangement of cell cycle control in such tumours, but cell cycle protein mutations identified in other human malignancies are restricted to only a very small subset of sporadic pituitary neoplasms. Krüppel-like factors are DNA-binding transcriptional regulators with diverse effects including the upregulation of the cell cycle protein p21(WAF1/CIP1). It has been reported that the Krüppel-like transcription factor 6 (KLF6) gene is mutated in a proportion (15-55%) of human prostate cancers, and more recent data are emerging regarding mutated KLF6 in nasopharyngeal carcinomas, astrocytoid gliomas and colorectal cancer. We therefore speculated that other tumours such as pituitary adenomas might also harbour such mutations that may be involved in the control of cell proliferation in the pituitary. The aim of the current study was thus to analyse the KLF6 gene for mutations in sporadic pituitary tumours. We analysed 60 pituitary adenomas (15 GH-, four ACTH-, two PRL-secreting and 39 non-functioning) with direct sequence analysis of exons 2 and 3 of the KLF6 gene, the region where most of the previously described mutations are located. Three non-functioning pituitary adenomas of the 60 pituitary tumours (5%) had two identical sequence changes in exon 2 (missense mutation Val165Met, 523G-->A and a silent substitution in Ser77Ser codon 261C-->T). Analysis of genomic DNA extracted from peripheral lymphocytes in one patient confirmed these changes to be present in the germline and they therefore probably represent polymorphisms, although we cannot exclude the possibility that these are predisposing germline mutations. We conclude that mutations of the KLF6 gene are unlikely to play an important role in sporadic pituitary tumorigenesis.

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Chiara Laezza Istituto di Endocrinologia e Oncologia Sperimentale, Dipartimento di Biologia e Patologia Cellulare e Molecolare, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Napoli, Italy
Istituto di Endocrinologia e Oncologia Sperimentale, Dipartimento di Biologia e Patologia Cellulare e Molecolare, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Napoli, Italy

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Simona Pisanti Istituto di Endocrinologia e Oncologia Sperimentale, Dipartimento di Biologia e Patologia Cellulare e Molecolare, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Napoli, Italy

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Anna Maria Malfitano Istituto di Endocrinologia e Oncologia Sperimentale, Dipartimento di Biologia e Patologia Cellulare e Molecolare, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Napoli, Italy

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Maurizio Bifulco Istituto di Endocrinologia e Oncologia Sperimentale, Dipartimento di Biologia e Patologia Cellulare e Molecolare, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Napoli, Italy

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coated with 50 μg/ml type IV collagen and blocked with 5 mg/ml BSA. Cells (1×10 5 cells) treated for 24 h with Met-F-AEA alone or in combination with toxin B (100 ng/ml) or Y 27632 (10 μM) were added to the upper compartment and incubated (at 37 °C for 4

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