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chromosome segregation errors ( Fig. 1A ) increase genetic heterogeneity between tumour cells at each cell cycle, allowing rapid evolution of tumour genomes and presenting a challenge to cancer patient treatment (see below). Chromosome segregation errors can
Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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School of Public Health, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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Hematology Institute and Blood Bank, Meir Medical Center, Kfar-Saba, Israel
Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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Introduction Thyroid hormones are central players in normal development ( Moeller & Fuhrer 2013 ). Several population-based studies have demonstrated opposing effects of thyroid hormone dysfunction on cancer risk. Specifically, hyperthyroidism
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Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, the Netherlands
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system, metabolism, and brain. In addition to that, GR activity or lack thereof has been linked to various aspects of cancer biology; however, its role in cancer seems to be complex and highly context-dependent, as GR has been proposed to be both a tumor
Department of Urology Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
Dame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research Laboratories Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, Level 4, Hanson Institute Building, DX Number 650 801, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia
Department of Oncology University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 2QQ, UK
Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UK
Department of Urology Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
Dame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research Laboratories Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, Level 4, Hanson Institute Building, DX Number 650 801, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia
Department of Oncology University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 2QQ, UK
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Department of Urology Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
Dame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research Laboratories Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, Level 4, Hanson Institute Building, DX Number 650 801, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia
Department of Oncology University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 2QQ, UK
Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UK
Department of Urology Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
Dame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research Laboratories Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, Level 4, Hanson Institute Building, DX Number 650 801, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia
Department of Oncology University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 2QQ, UK
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Department of Urology Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
Dame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research Laboratories Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, Level 4, Hanson Institute Building, DX Number 650 801, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia
Department of Oncology University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 2QQ, UK
Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UK
Department of Urology Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
Dame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research Laboratories Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, Level 4, Hanson Institute Building, DX Number 650 801, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia
Department of Oncology University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 2QQ, UK
Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UK
Department of Urology Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
Dame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research Laboratories Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, Level 4, Hanson Institute Building, DX Number 650 801, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia
Department of Oncology University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 2QQ, UK
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Department of Urology Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
Dame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research Laboratories Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, Level 4, Hanson Institute Building, DX Number 650 801, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia
Department of Oncology University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 2QQ, UK
Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UK
Department of Urology Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
Dame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research Laboratories Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, Level 4, Hanson Institute Building, DX Number 650 801, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia
Department of Oncology University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 2QQ, UK
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Introduction Prostate cancer is the commonest, non-cutaneous cancer in men, affecting 214 per 1000 European men. It is the second commonest cause of cancer death, accounting for 15% of all male cancers in developed countries ( Heidenreich et al
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Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Chris O'Brien Lifehouse, The Kinghorn Cancer Centre and St Vincent's Clinical School, 370 Victoria Street, Darlinghurst, Sydeny, New South Wales, Australia
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Methylated circulating DNA in cancer prognosis and monitoring Genomics is anticipated to bring major improvements in the treatment of cancer patients. The capacity to quickly and relatively inexpensively sequence tumor DNA on a genome-wide scale
Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, Auckland, New Zealand
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Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, Auckland, New Zealand
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Introduction Observations in humans and animals with elevated or disrupted growth hormone (GH) signalling clearly support a role for GH in cancer development ( Guevara-Aguirre et al. 2020 , Werner et al. 2020 , Duran-Ortiz et al. 2021
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Introduction Both obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2D) are associated with increased cancer risk and cancer-related mortality ( Haslam & James 2005 , Onitilo et al . 2012 , Zhang et al . 2012 ). Obesity and T2D may contribute to cancer
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, thyroid dysfunction is associated with obesity ( Laurberg et al. 2012 ), diabetes mellitus ( Brandt et al. 2013 ), and vascular diseases ( Brandt et al. 2013 ), which have been linked to an increased cancer risk or shared common risk factors. However
Cancer and Population Studies Group, School of Population Health, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, 4029, Australia
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Cancer and Population Studies Group, School of Population Health, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, 4029, Australia
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Introduction In 1998, Risch (1998) put forward a hypothesis for the pathogenesis of ovarian cancer relating to the role of androgens in stimulating epithelial cell proliferation. Although widely discussed in the aetiologic literature, there is a
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Clinical Epidemiology and Comparative Effectiveness Program, Section of Health Services Research (IQuESt), Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center, HSR&D Center of Innovation (152), Houston, Texas, USA
Texas Medical Center Digestive Disease Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
Center for Translational Research on Inflammatory Diseases (CTRID), Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Houston, Texas, USA
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Center for Translational Research on Inflammatory Diseases (CTRID), Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Houston, Texas, USA
Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
Huffington Center on Aging, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
Geriatrics Research Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System and University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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conditions such as eating/wasting disorders and cachexia related to cancer and other conditions, such as cardiovascular disease and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease ( Nagaya et al . 2004 , 2005 , Strasser et al . 2008 , Müller et al . 2010 , Ali