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Sarah E McClelland Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK

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chromosome segregation errors ( Fig. 1A ) increase genetic heterogeneity between tumour cells at each cell cycle, allowing rapid evolution of tumour genomes and presenting a challenge to cancer patient treatment (see below). Chromosome segregation errors can

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Eilon Krashin Translational Oncology Laboratory, Meir Medical Center, Kfar-Saba, Israel
Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel

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Barbara Silverman Israel National Cancer Registry, Ministry of Health, Gertner Institute, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
School of Public Health, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel

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David M Steinberg Department of Statistics and Operations Research, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel

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Daniel Yekutieli Department of Statistics and Operations Research, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel

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Shmuel Giveon Clalit Health Services, Tel Aviv, Israel

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Offer Fabian Translational Oncology Laboratory, Meir Medical Center, Kfar-Saba, Israel

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Aleck Hercbergs Department of Radiation Oncology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA

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Paul J Davis Department of Medicine, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York, USA

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Martin Ellis Translational Oncology Laboratory, Meir Medical Center, Kfar-Saba, Israel
Hematology Institute and Blood Bank, Meir Medical Center, Kfar-Saba, Israel
Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel

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Osnat Ashur-Fabian Translational Oncology Laboratory, Meir Medical Center, Kfar-Saba, Israel
Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel

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Introduction Thyroid hormones are central players in normal development ( Moeller & Fuhrer 2013 ). Several population-based studies have demonstrated opposing effects of thyroid hormone dysfunction on cancer risk. Specifically, hyperthyroidism

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Isabel Mayayo-Peralta Division of Oncogenomics, Oncode Institute, the Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands

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Wilbert Zwart Division of Oncogenomics, Oncode Institute, the Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, the Netherlands

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Stefan Prekovic Division of Oncogenomics, Oncode Institute, the Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands

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system, metabolism, and brain. In addition to that, GR activity or lack thereof has been linked to various aspects of cancer biology; however, its role in cancer seems to be complex and highly context-dependent, as GR has been proposed to be both a tumor

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Adam W Nelson Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UK

Department of Urology Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK

Dame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research Laboratories Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, Level 4, Hanson Institute Building, DX Number 650 801, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia

Department of Oncology University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 2QQ, UK
Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UK

Department of Urology Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK

Dame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research Laboratories Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, Level 4, Hanson Institute Building, DX Number 650 801, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia

Department of Oncology University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 2QQ, UK

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Wayne D Tilley Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UK

Department of Urology Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK

Dame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research Laboratories Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, Level 4, Hanson Institute Building, DX Number 650 801, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia

Department of Oncology University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 2QQ, UK
Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UK

Department of Urology Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK

Dame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research Laboratories Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, Level 4, Hanson Institute Building, DX Number 650 801, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia

Department of Oncology University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 2QQ, UK

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David E Neal Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UK

Department of Urology Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK

Dame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research Laboratories Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, Level 4, Hanson Institute Building, DX Number 650 801, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia

Department of Oncology University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 2QQ, UK
Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UK

Department of Urology Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK

Dame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research Laboratories Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, Level 4, Hanson Institute Building, DX Number 650 801, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia

Department of Oncology University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 2QQ, UK
Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UK

Department of Urology Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK

Dame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research Laboratories Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, Level 4, Hanson Institute Building, DX Number 650 801, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia

Department of Oncology University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 2QQ, UK

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Jason S Carroll Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UK

Department of Urology Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK

Dame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research Laboratories Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, Level 4, Hanson Institute Building, DX Number 650 801, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia

Department of Oncology University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 2QQ, UK
Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UK

Department of Urology Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK

Dame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research Laboratories Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, Level 4, Hanson Institute Building, DX Number 650 801, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia

Department of Oncology University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 2QQ, UK

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Introduction Prostate cancer is the commonest, non-cutaneous cancer in men, affecting 214 per 1000 European men. It is the second commonest cause of cancer death, accounting for 15% of all male cancers in developed countries ( Heidenreich et al

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Kristina Warton Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Chris O'Brien Lifehouse, The Kinghorn Cancer Centre and St Vincent's Clinical School, 370 Victoria Street, Darlinghurst, Sydeny, New South Wales, Australia

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Kate L Mahon Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Chris O'Brien Lifehouse, The Kinghorn Cancer Centre and St Vincent's Clinical School, 370 Victoria Street, Darlinghurst, Sydeny, New South Wales, Australia
Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Chris O'Brien Lifehouse, The Kinghorn Cancer Centre and St Vincent's Clinical School, 370 Victoria Street, Darlinghurst, Sydeny, New South Wales, Australia

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Goli Samimi Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Chris O'Brien Lifehouse, The Kinghorn Cancer Centre and St Vincent's Clinical School, 370 Victoria Street, Darlinghurst, Sydeny, New South Wales, Australia

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Methylated circulating DNA in cancer prognosis and monitoring Genomics is anticipated to bring major improvements in the treatment of cancer patients. The capacity to quickly and relatively inexpensively sequence tumor DNA on a genome-wide scale

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Yue Wang Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, Auckland, New Zealand

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Stephen M F Jamieson Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, Auckland, New Zealand
Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand

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Jo K Perry Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, Auckland, New Zealand

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Introduction Observations in humans and animals with elevated or disrupted growth hormone (GH) signalling clearly support a role for GH in cancer development ( Guevara-Aguirre et al. 2020 , Werner et al. 2020 , Duran-Ortiz et al. 2021

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Zara Zelenko Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Bone Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA

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Emily Jane Gallagher Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Bone Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA

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Irini Markella Antoniou Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Bone Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA

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Deepali Sachdev Department of Medicine and Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA

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Anupma Nayak Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Mount Sinai Hospital and Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA

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Douglas Yee Department of Medicine and Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA

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Derek LeRoith Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Bone Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA

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Introduction Both obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2D) are associated with increased cancer risk and cancer-related mortality ( Haslam & James 2005 , Onitilo et al . 2012 , Zhang et al . 2012 ). Obesity and T2D may contribute to cancer

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Thi-Van-Trinh Tran Cancer and Radiation Group, Center for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health, INSERM U1018, Paris Sud-Paris Saclay University, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France

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Cari M Kitahara Radiation Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA

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Florent de Vathaire Cancer and Radiation Group, Center for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health, INSERM U1018, Paris Sud-Paris Saclay University, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France

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Marie-Christine Boutron-Ruault Health Across Generations Group, Center for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health, INSERM U1018, Paris Sud-Paris Saclay University, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France

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Neige Journy Cancer and Radiation Group, Center for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health, INSERM U1018, Paris Sud-Paris Saclay University, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France

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, thyroid dysfunction is associated with obesity ( Laurberg et al. 2012 ), diabetes mellitus ( Brandt et al. 2013 ), and vascular diseases ( Brandt et al. 2013 ), which have been linked to an increased cancer risk or shared common risk factors. However

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Catherine M Olsen Cancer and Population Studies Group, School of Population Health, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, 4029, Australia
Cancer and Population Studies Group, School of Population Health, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, 4029, Australia

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Adèle C Green Cancer and Population Studies Group, School of Population Health, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, 4029, Australia

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Christina M Nagle Cancer and Population Studies Group, School of Population Health, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, 4029, Australia

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Susan J Jordan Cancer and Population Studies Group, School of Population Health, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, 4029, Australia
Cancer and Population Studies Group, School of Population Health, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, 4029, Australia

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David C Whiteman Cancer and Population Studies Group, School of Population Health, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, 4029, Australia

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Christopher J Bain Cancer and Population Studies Group, School of Population Health, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, 4029, Australia

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Penelope M Webb Cancer and Population Studies Group, School of Population Health, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, 4029, Australia

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on behalf of the Australian Cancer Study Group (Ovarian Cancer) and the Australian Ovarian Cancer Study Group
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Introduction In 1998, Risch (1998) put forward a hypothesis for the pathogenesis of ovarian cancer relating to the role of androgens in stimulating epithelial cell proliferation. Although widely discussed in the aetiologic literature, there is a

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Sakine Sever Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Baylor College of Medicine, Alkek Building for Biomedical Research, Houston, Texas, USA

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Donna L White Section of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Baylor College of Medicine Medical Center, Houston, Texas, USA
Clinical Epidemiology and Comparative Effectiveness Program, Section of Health Services Research (IQuESt), Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center, HSR&D Center of Innovation (152), Houston, Texas, USA
Texas Medical Center Digestive Disease Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
Center for Translational Research on Inflammatory Diseases (CTRID), Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Houston, Texas, USA

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José M Garcia Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Baylor College of Medicine, Alkek Building for Biomedical Research, Houston, Texas, USA
Center for Translational Research on Inflammatory Diseases (CTRID), Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Houston, Texas, USA
Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
Huffington Center on Aging, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
Geriatrics Research Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System and University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA

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conditions such as eating/wasting disorders and cachexia related to cancer and other conditions, such as cardiovascular disease and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease ( Nagaya et al . 2004 , 2005 , Strasser et al . 2008 , Müller et al . 2010 , Ali

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