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Lena Lapkina-Gendler Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel

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Itai Rotem Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel

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Metsada Pasmanik-Chor Bioinformatics Unit, George Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel

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David Gurwitz Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
Yoran Institute for Human Genome Research, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel

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Rive Sarfstein Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel

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Zvi Laron Endocrine and Diabetes Research Unit, Schneider Children’s Medical Center, Petah Tikva, Israel

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Haim Werner Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
Yoran Institute for Human Genome Research, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel

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al. 2005 ). The finding that the rate of cancer incidence in LS patients is very low is consistent with the notion that homozygous congenital IGF1 deficiency may confer protection against future development of a tumor. The present genome

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Zvi Laron Endocrinology and Diabetes Research Unit, Schneider Children’s Medical Center, Petah Tikva, Israel

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Haim Werner Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel

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cancer protection. Classification of congenital IGF-1 deficiencies Prenatal IGF-1 expression is GH-independent though it becomes dependent on GH secretion shortly before birth ( Klammt et al . 2008 ). Hepatic IGF-1 biosynthesis remains dependent

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Serk In Park Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, Department of Pathology, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, 1011 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA

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Laurie K McCauley Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, Department of Pathology, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, 1011 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, Department of Pathology, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, 1011 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA

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), indicating a causal role of PTHrP in protection from anoikis. Figure 3 Ectopic expression of PTHrP rescued Ace-1 prostate cancer cells from anoikis. Ace-1 prostate cancer cells (expressing undetectable basal PTHrP) were engineered to express full-length PTHrP

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Jaesung (Peter) Choi
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Reena Desai
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Yu Zheng
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Mu Yao ANZAC Research Institute, Discipline of Endocrinology, Department of Anatomical Pathology, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2139, Australia

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Qihan Dong ANZAC Research Institute, Discipline of Endocrinology, Department of Anatomical Pathology, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2139, Australia

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Geoff Watson ANZAC Research Institute, Discipline of Endocrinology, Department of Anatomical Pathology, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2139, Australia

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David J Handelsman
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Ulla Simanainen
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, in prostate cancer cells, AR-mediated protection from PTEN induced apoptosis is independent of AKT pathway activation ( Li et al . 2001 ). In addition, our study showed diminished PTEN expression in the PTEN (OVX+testosterone) uterus compared to the

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Jaime Guevara-Aguirre Colegio de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Diego de Robles s/n y Pampite, Cumbayá, Quito, Ecuador
Instituto de Endocrinología IEMYR, Quito, Ecuador
Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands

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Gabriela Peña Colegio de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Diego de Robles s/n y Pampite, Cumbayá, Quito, Ecuador

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William Acosta Colegio de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Diego de Robles s/n y Pampite, Cumbayá, Quito, Ecuador

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Gabriel Pazmiño Colegio de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Diego de Robles s/n y Pampite, Cumbayá, Quito, Ecuador

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Jannette Saavedra Instituto de Endocrinología IEMYR, Quito, Ecuador

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Lina Soto Colegio de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Diego de Robles s/n y Pampite, Cumbayá, Quito, Ecuador

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Daniela Lescano Colegio de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Diego de Robles s/n y Pampite, Cumbayá, Quito, Ecuador

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Alexandra Guevara Instituto de Endocrinología IEMYR, Quito, Ecuador

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Antonio W D Gavilanes Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands

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–24% cancer incidence ( Shevah & Laron 2007 ). Protection against cancer was not absolute, but malignancy incidence in IGFD individuals appeared diminished when compared to the non-IGFD relatives ( Aguiar-Oliveira et al. 2010 , 2017 , Steuerman et al

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Cesar Luiz Boguszewski Department of Internal Medicine, Endocrine Division (SEMPR), University Hospital, Federal University of Parana, Curitiba, Brazil

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Margaret Cristina da Silva Boguszewski Department of Pediatrics, Endocrine Division (SEMPR), University Hospital, Federal University of Parana, Curitiba, Brazil

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Wouter W de Herder Department of Internal Medicine, Sector of Endocrinology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands

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that metastases could be suppressed after hypophysectomy led to treatment of advanced cancers in humans, particularly those of the breast and prostate, with surgical ablation of the pituitary, mainly in the 1950s and early1960s ( Bailey 1956 ). At that

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Cameron M Armstrong Departments of Nutrition and Food Science, Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, 122 Kleberg Building, 2253 TAMU, College Station, Texas 77843, USA

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Autumn R Billimek Departments of Nutrition and Food Science, Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, 122 Kleberg Building, 2253 TAMU, College Station, Texas 77843, USA

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Kimberly F Allred Departments of Nutrition and Food Science, Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, 122 Kleberg Building, 2253 TAMU, College Station, Texas 77843, USA

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Joseph M Sturino Departments of Nutrition and Food Science, Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, 122 Kleberg Building, 2253 TAMU, College Station, Texas 77843, USA

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Brad R Weeks Departments of Nutrition and Food Science, Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, 122 Kleberg Building, 2253 TAMU, College Station, Texas 77843, USA

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Clinton D Allred Departments of Nutrition and Food Science, Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, 122 Kleberg Building, 2253 TAMU, College Station, Texas 77843, USA

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Introduction Women have a reduced risk of developing colon cancer when compared with men. This protection is lost, however, once a woman reaches menopause, suggesting estrogen is a protective agent against colon tumor development. Data from the

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J Riedemann Cancer Research UK Laboratories, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK

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V M Macaulay Cancer Research UK Laboratories, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK

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that are currently being developed for blocking IGF1R action as anti-cancer therapy. Signalling through type 1 IGF receptor The IGF receptor family comprises three trans-membrane proteins. The IGF1R is a transmembrane receptor

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Courtney A Dreyer Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, and UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, UC Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, USA

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Kacey VanderVorst Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, and UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, UC Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, USA

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Savannah Free Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, and UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, UC Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, USA

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Ashley Rowson-Hodel Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, and UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, UC Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, USA

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Kermit L Carraway III Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, and UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, UC Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, USA

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Introduction Breast cancer metastasis Despite significant advances in the detection and treatment of breast tumors over the last few decades, metastatic disease remains the primary cause of breast cancer-related deaths ( Weigelt et al

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Giuseppe Palladino Medical Oncology Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy

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Tiziana Notarangelo Laboratory of Pre-Clinical and Translational Research, IRCCS, Referral Cancer Center of Basilicata, Rionero in Vulture, Potenza, Italy

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Giuseppe Pannone Anatomic Pathology Unit, Department of Clinic and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy

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Annamaria Piscazzi Medical Oncology Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy

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Olga Lamacchia Endocrinology Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy

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Lorenza Sisinni Laboratory of Pre-Clinical and Translational Research, IRCCS, Referral Cancer Center of Basilicata, Rionero in Vulture, Potenza, Italy

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Girolamo Spagnoletti Medical Oncology Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy

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Paolo Toti Pathology Unit, Department of Human Pathology and Oncology, University of Siena, Siena, Italy

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Angela Santoro Institute of Histopathology and Diagnostic Cytopathology, Fondazione di Ricerca e Cura ‘Giovanni Paolo II’ UCSC, Campobasso, Italy

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Giovanni Storto Nuclear Medicine Unit, IRCCS, Referral Cancer Center of Basilicata, Rionero in Vulture, Potenza, Italy

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Pantaleo Bufo Anatomic Pathology Unit, Department of Clinic and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy

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Mauro Cignarelli Endocrinology Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy

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Franca Esposito Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy

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Matteo Landriscina Medical Oncology Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
Laboratory of Pre-Clinical and Translational Research, IRCCS, Referral Cancer Center of Basilicata, Rionero in Vulture, Potenza, Italy

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in prosurvival signaling of cancer cells, protection of mitochondria against oxidative stress, drug resistance, cell cycle regulation, metabolic reprogramming and regulation of protein homeostasis through the translational quality control of specific

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