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Aura D Herrera-Martínez Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC); Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain

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Leo J Hofland Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands

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María A Gálvez Moreno Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC); Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain

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Justo P Castaño Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC); Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain

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Wouter W de Herder Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands

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Richard A Feelders Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands

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progression and guide an optimal treatment ( Oberg et al . 2015 ). An ideal biomarker should have a high sensitivity for the diagnosis of NENs, to predict tumor clinical behavior and for the response to treatment ( Turner et al . 2006 ). To date, only few

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Mojun Zhu Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA

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Karl R Sorenson Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA

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Rebecca Liu Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

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Bonnie E Gould Rothberg Smilow Cancer Hospital, Yale-New Haven Health System, New Haven, Connecticut, USA

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Thorvardur R Halfdanarson Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA

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limited. Here, we sought to assess the evidence and clinical applications of proposed, prognostic biomarkers in PNETs by evaluating existing publications according to robust sampling, laboratory, and statistical methods. Materials and methods

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Diana Lim Department of Pathology, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore

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Joanne Ngeow Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
Cancer Genetics Service, Division of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Centre, Singapore, Singapore

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defects in the other genes involved in HR. Therefore, the utility of PARPi in cancer therapeutics is potentially greater than what was initially envisioned. Table 1 Clinical trials incorporating molecular biomarkers to select patients for PARP

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F M Brouwers
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E F Petricoin III
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L Ksinantova
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J Breza
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V Rajapakse
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S Ross
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D Johann
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M Mannelli
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B L Shulkin
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R Kvetnansky
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G Eisenhofer
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M M Walther
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B A Hitt
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T P Conrads
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T D Veenstra
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D P Mannion
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M R Wall
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G M Wolfe
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V A Fusaro
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L A Liotta
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K Pacak
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validation in prospective cohort studies the measurement of these biomarkers might ultimately be used in clinical practice together with other markers for metastatic pheochromocytoma, so that the combined positive-predictive value will be high enough to

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H H Milioli Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
St Vincent’s Clinical School, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia

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S Alexandrou Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia

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E Lim Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
St Vincent’s Clinical School, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia

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C E Caldon Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
St Vincent’s Clinical School, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia

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resistance is also now emerging as a significant clinical problem, and there are not yet effective biomarkers for the emergence of resistance ( Portman et al. 2019 ). Both CCNE1 and CCNE2 have been identified as potential biomarkers that alter

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Bethany Smith Department of Medicine, Samuel Ochin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA

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Priyanka Agarwal Department of Medicine, Samuel Ochin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA

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Neil A Bhowmick Department of Medicine, Samuel Ochin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
Greater Los Angeles Veterans Administration, Los Angeles, California, USA

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inhibitors in the armamentarium against cancer has caused us to reevaluate our understanding of T cell biology, in terms of clinical applications. Now, companion biomarkers and combination therapy candidates are a focus in many labs. miRs can play an

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Marion T Weigel The Institute of Cancer Research, Royal Marsden Hospital, Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, 237 Fulham Road, London SW3 6JB, UK

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Mitch Dowsett The Institute of Cancer Research, Royal Marsden Hospital, Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, 237 Fulham Road, London SW3 6JB, UK
The Institute of Cancer Research, Royal Marsden Hospital, Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, 237 Fulham Road, London SW3 6JB, UK

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determined. In this review, we discuss the importance of established prognostic factors and predictive biomarkers as well as some emerging biomarkers that are currently undergoing testing for technical validity and clinical utility. Prognosis and prediction

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James Yao University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA

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Abhishek Garg Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA

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David Chen Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, East Hanover, New Jersey, USA

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Jaume Capdevila Vall d’Hebron University Hospital, Vall Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain

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Paul Engstrom Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA

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Rodney Pommier Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA

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Eric Van Cutsem University Hospitals Gasthuisberg/Leuven and KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

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Simron Singh Odette Cancer Center, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

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Nicola Fazio European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy

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Wei He Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, East Hanover, New Jersey, USA

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Markus Riester Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA

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Parul Patel Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, East Hanover, New Jersey, USA

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Maurizio Voi Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, East Hanover, New Jersey, USA

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Michael Morrissey Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA

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Marianne Pavel University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany

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Matthew Helmut Kulke Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

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–Mann–Whitney test. Cox proportional hazard model and log-rank tests were used to assess the association between groups defined by genomic biomarkers and clinical outcome. GI NET from RADIANT-2 and RADIANT-4 trials were pooled together for correlative analysis, and

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Nely Díaz-Mejía Vall d’Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO) and Vall d’Hebron University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain

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David García-Illescas Vall d’Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO) and Vall d’Hebron University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain

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Rafael Morales-Barrera Vall d’Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO) and Vall d’Hebron University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain

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Cristina Suarez Vall d’Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO) and Vall d’Hebron University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain

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Jacques Planas Vall d’Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO) and Vall d’Hebron University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain

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Xavier Maldonado Vall d’Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO) and Vall d’Hebron University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain

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Joan Carles Vall d’Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO) and Vall d’Hebron University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain

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Joaquin Mateo Vall d’Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO) and Vall d’Hebron University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain

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selection biomarker mutations in any of 14 genes ( BRCA1, BRCA2, ATM , BRIP1, BARD1, CDK12, CHEK1, CHEK2, FANCL, PALB2, PPP2R2A, RAD51B, RAD51C, RAD51D, and RAD54L ); which represent all but one (PPP2R2A) genes included in the clinical trial companion

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Kate L Mahon Department of Medical Oncology, University of Sydney, Cancer Research Program, Sydney Cancer Centre, Missenden Road, Camperdown, New South Wales 2050, Australia
Department of Medical Oncology, University of Sydney, Cancer Research Program, Sydney Cancer Centre, Missenden Road, Camperdown, New South Wales 2050, Australia
Department of Medical Oncology, University of Sydney, Cancer Research Program, Sydney Cancer Centre, Missenden Road, Camperdown, New South Wales 2050, Australia

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Susan M Henshall Department of Medical Oncology, University of Sydney, Cancer Research Program, Sydney Cancer Centre, Missenden Road, Camperdown, New South Wales 2050, Australia

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Robert L Sutherland Department of Medical Oncology, University of Sydney, Cancer Research Program, Sydney Cancer Centre, Missenden Road, Camperdown, New South Wales 2050, Australia

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Lisa G Horvath Department of Medical Oncology, University of Sydney, Cancer Research Program, Sydney Cancer Centre, Missenden Road, Camperdown, New South Wales 2050, Australia
Department of Medical Oncology, University of Sydney, Cancer Research Program, Sydney Cancer Centre, Missenden Road, Camperdown, New South Wales 2050, Australia
Department of Medical Oncology, University of Sydney, Cancer Research Program, Sydney Cancer Centre, Missenden Road, Camperdown, New South Wales 2050, Australia

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, inhibition of clusterin expression enhances docetaxel sensitivity ( Patterson et al . 2006 ). In vivo , LNCaP xenografts that overexpress clusterin are less responsive to paclitaxel than controls ( Miyake et al . 2000 d ). Clinically, sCLU expression is

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