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Elizabeth Kopras
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Veena Potluri
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Mei-Ling Bermudez
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Karin Williams
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Scott Belcher Department of Environmental Heath, Department of Pharmacology and Cell Biophysics, University of Cincinnati, 3223 Eden Avenue, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267-0056, USA

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Susan Kasper
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chemicals in utero and during early life could result in birth defects, behavioral disorders, and cancer. Indeed, exposures to endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) during this critical time of growth and development could result in genetic modifications

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Kevin C Knower Cancer Drug Discovery, Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Department of Environmental Health, MIMR-PHI Institute of Medical Research, PO BOX 5152, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia

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Sarah Q To Cancer Drug Discovery, Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Department of Environmental Health, MIMR-PHI Institute of Medical Research, PO BOX 5152, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
Cancer Drug Discovery, Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Department of Environmental Health, MIMR-PHI Institute of Medical Research, PO BOX 5152, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia

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Yuet-Kin Leung Cancer Drug Discovery, Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Department of Environmental Health, MIMR-PHI Institute of Medical Research, PO BOX 5152, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia

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Shuk-Mei Ho Cancer Drug Discovery, Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Department of Environmental Health, MIMR-PHI Institute of Medical Research, PO BOX 5152, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia

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Colin D Clyne Cancer Drug Discovery, Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Department of Environmental Health, MIMR-PHI Institute of Medical Research, PO BOX 5152, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
Cancer Drug Discovery, Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Department of Environmental Health, MIMR-PHI Institute of Medical Research, PO BOX 5152, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia

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, parity and a women's age at her first pregnancy. The significance and capacity of environmental and exogenous components, such as endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs), to alter endocrine processes have resulted in a greater awareness of these and breast

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Douglas A Gibson Queen's Medical Research Institute, MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, The University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK

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Philippa T K Saunders Queen's Medical Research Institute, MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, The University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK

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fimbrial end of the fallopian tube may hold the key to development of some forms of cancers previously thought to be ovarian in origin ( Dubeau 2008 , Flesken-Nikitin et al . 2013 ). Endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDC) are compounds that are known to

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Gail P Risbridger Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Building 76, Level 3 Wellington Road, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia

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The subject of endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) and their effects on mammalian health and especially human health is somewhat contentious. As scientists, we are trained to prove a concept by the gathering of unequivocal evidence to support a

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Gail S Prins Department of Urology, University of Illinois at Chicago, 820 South Wood St, MC 955, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA

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recognized that genetics (family history), diet, and environmental factors can impact prostate cancer risk. In the human population, direct connections between endocrine disruptors (EDs) and prostate cancer risk have not been established. Nonetheless, due to

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Thalles Fernando Rocha Ruiz Department of Biology, Institute of Biosciences, Humanities and Exact Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Jardim Nazareth, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil

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Simone J Colleta Department of Biology, Institute of Biosciences, Humanities and Exact Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Jardim Nazareth, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil

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Ellen C R Leonel Department of Histology, Embryology and Cell Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences (ICB III), Federal University of Goiás (UFG), Campus Samambaia, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil

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Sebastião Roberto Taboga Department of Biology, Institute of Biosciences, Humanities and Exact Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Jardim Nazareth, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil

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functionality ( Faupel-Badger et al. 2013 ). Several triggering factors have been attributed to carcinogenesis. Some of them are environmental chemicals that disrupt mammary tissue, leading to the development of endocrine-related cancers ( Vandenberg et al

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Denise K Reaves Department of Biology, National Cancer Institute, Department of Biology, North Carolina Central University, MTSC Room 2247, 1801 Fayetteville Street, Durham, North Carolina 27707, USA

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Erika Ginsburg Department of Biology, National Cancer Institute, Department of Biology, North Carolina Central University, MTSC Room 2247, 1801 Fayetteville Street, Durham, North Carolina 27707, USA

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John J Bang Department of Biology, National Cancer Institute, Department of Biology, North Carolina Central University, MTSC Room 2247, 1801 Fayetteville Street, Durham, North Carolina 27707, USA

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Jodie M Fleming Department of Biology, National Cancer Institute, Department of Biology, North Carolina Central University, MTSC Room 2247, 1801 Fayetteville Street, Durham, North Carolina 27707, USA

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, Corsini et al . 2014 ). Exposure to any type of POPs has the potential for long-term disruption of metabolic, immune, and endocrine system functions. Consequently, POPs are increasingly becoming the subject of research and public health attention due to

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Paul C Marker School of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA

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Christopher J Unterberger School of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA

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Steven M Swanson School of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA

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reduced GH section and GH/IGF-1 axis activity. Conclusions The GH/IGF-1 axis has been disrupted in multiple experimentally induced carcinoma models in vivo. This review describes experiments using both chemically induced and genetically induced

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Silvia Pizzi
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Cinzia Azzoni
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Elisa Tamburini
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Lorena Bottarelli
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Nicoletta Campanini
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Tiziana D'Adda
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Giovanni Fellegara
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Tu Vinh Luong
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Claudio Pasquali Section of Pathological Anatomy, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Section of Pathology, Digestive and Liver Disease Unit, Medical Oncology Unit, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Parma, via Gramsci, 14, I-43100 Parma, Italy

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Giulio Rossi Section of Pathological Anatomy, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Section of Pathology, Digestive and Liver Disease Unit, Medical Oncology Unit, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Parma, via Gramsci, 14, I-43100 Parma, Italy

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Gianfranco Delle Fave Section of Pathological Anatomy, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Section of Pathology, Digestive and Liver Disease Unit, Medical Oncology Unit, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Parma, via Gramsci, 14, I-43100 Parma, Italy

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Roberta Camisa Section of Pathological Anatomy, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Section of Pathology, Digestive and Liver Disease Unit, Medical Oncology Unit, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Parma, via Gramsci, 14, I-43100 Parma, Italy

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Cesare Bordi
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Guido Rindi
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-catenin correlates with tumour aggressiveness and APC alterations Disruption of normal membranous pattern ( Fig. 2 C, left), including various combinations of cytoplasmic accumulation and nuclear migration, occurred in the majority of GEP endocrine neoplasms (41

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Shuk-Mei Ho Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
Center for Environmental Genetics, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
Cincinnati Cancer Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
Cincinnati Veteran Affairs Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA

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Rahul Rao Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA

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Sarah To Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
Center for Cancer Research, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia

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Emma Schoch Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA

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Pheruza Tarapore Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
Center for Environmental Genetics, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
Cincinnati Cancer Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA

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Introduction Bisphenol A (BPA), a prototype endocrine-disrupting chemical (EDC), is a mimic of estrogen present in polycarbonate plastic products, thermal paper and carbonless copy paper. Its leakage from these products results in its

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