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Dame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research Laboratories, School of Paediatrics and Reproductive Health, School of Agriculture, Discipline of Medicine, Hanson Institute, Adelaide Prostate Cancer Research Centre, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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excellent therapeutic targets. Epigenetic modifications like DNA methylation are also stable and technically easy to assess making them ideal biomarkers for diagnosis and prognosis. It is well established from candidate gene studies that epigenetic
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, 2007 a ). The specific molecular mechanisms underlying PTC tumorigenesis driven by the BRAF mutation have not been well understood. This is particularly the case in epigenetic aspects. For example, the role of aberrant gene methylation and its extent
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Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, USA
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CTNNB1 mutations is associated with tumorigenesis ( Goh et al. 2014 , Baba et al. 2021 ). Gene transcription is regulated by transcription factors and epigenetic changes in the gene. DNA methylation involves the transfer of a methyl group onto
Consortium for the Study of Thyroid Cancer (CECaT), Catalonia, Spain
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Program of Predictive and Personalized Medicine of Cancer, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (PMPPC-IGTP), Barcelona, Spain
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some CpG-rich regions called CpG islands (CGIs), which are often unmethylated and encompass the promoters of approximately 60% of protein-coding genes ( Ehrlich et al. 1982 , Bird 1986 , Lister et al. 2009 ). DNA methylation is frequently
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the genome, methylation of CpG islands occurs ( Baylin & Herman 2000 ). These CpG islands are cytosine- and guanine-rich areas in the promoter regions of genes that are involved in cell cycle, cell adherence, DNA repair and apoptosis. Methylation of
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Introduction DNA methylation is a ubiquitous process of gene inactivation in nature (reviewed in Bird 2002 ). It occurs preferentially at CpG dinucleotides. In normal cells, most of the 5-methyl-cytosine is found to be associated
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Department of Computation and Mathematics, Faculty of Philosophy, Sciences and Letters at Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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from data normalization is shown in Supplementary Fig. 1. Candidate gene validation The methylation effect on mRNA levels was evaluated by quantitative real-time PCR, as previously described ( Bueno et al. 2022 ). The TaqMan assays (Applied
Department of Thyroid Surgery, Key Discipline Laboratory of Clinical Medicine Henan, Department of Endocrinology, Division of Radiobiology, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, People's Republic of China
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Department of Thyroid Surgery, Key Discipline Laboratory of Clinical Medicine Henan, Department of Endocrinology, Division of Radiobiology, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, People's Republic of China
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Department of Thyroid Surgery, Key Discipline Laboratory of Clinical Medicine Henan, Department of Endocrinology, Division of Radiobiology, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, People's Republic of China
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Department of Thyroid Surgery, Key Discipline Laboratory of Clinical Medicine Henan, Department of Endocrinology, Division of Radiobiology, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, People's Republic of China
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Department of Thyroid Surgery, Key Discipline Laboratory of Clinical Medicine Henan, Department of Endocrinology, Division of Radiobiology, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, People's Republic of China
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regions of tumor suppressor genes (TSGs) is commonly observed in various cancers, including thyroid cancer ( Xing 2007 ). DNA methylation is a common epigenetic event observed in mammalian genomes, and it often mediates transcriptional repression ( Aleqria
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tumours, multiple studies have described epigenetic change within gene-associated CpG islands and/or those that lead to modification of histone tails ( Ezzat 2008 , Yacqub-Usman et al . 2012 b ). In these cases, inappropriate methylation of CpG islands
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BOOG Study Center/Dutch Breast Cancer Research Group, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Department of Medical Oncology and Cancer Genomics Netherlands, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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rearrangements. DNA methylation is a process in which DNA methyltransferase enzymes (DNMTs) add a methyl group to the 5′-carbon of cytosine in the context of cytosine guanine dinucleotides (CpG sites), a process which is associated with gene silencing, thereby