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Melissa Gamat University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, Madison, Wisconsin, USA

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Douglas G McNeel University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, Madison, Wisconsin, USA

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. Immunotherapy (that involves mobilizing the immune system to attack tumor cells) has been gaining momentum as an exciting new treatment option. The first FDA-approved immunotherapy for prostate cancer, sipuleucel-T (sip-T), has highlighted the potential use of

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Yuanliang Yan Department of Pharmacy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China

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Qiuju Liang Department of Pharmacy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China

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Yuanhong Liu Department of Pharmacy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China

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Shangjun Zhou Department of Pharmacy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China

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Zhijie Xu Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China

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side effects and may even cause late recurrence. In this scenario, cancer immunotherapies with higher efficacy and more targeted capability have positioned themselves as promising methods to win combat against BC ( Zeng et al. 2021 ). Immunotherapies

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Robert C Mould Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada

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Jacob P van Vloten Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada

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Amanda W K AuYeung Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada

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Khalil Karimi Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada

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Byram W Bridle Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada

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this end, cutting-edge immunotherapies show promise for providing oncologists with a novel array of therapeutic tools in the near future ( Couzin-Frankel 2013 ). However, nuances will need to be taken into consideration when applying these in the

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Stephan Gasser Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Zurich, Roche Glycart AG, Schlieren, Switzerland
Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, NUS Immunology Programme, Centre for Life Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore

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Lina H K Lim Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, NUS Immunology Programme, Centre for Life Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore

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Florence S G Cheung Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, NUS Immunology Programme, Centre for Life Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore

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Introduction Recent advances in immunotherapy have presented opportunities to eliminate cancers that were not achieved with previous standard of care therapies ( Delitto et al . 2016 ). Immune checkpoint inhibitor treatment has shown to be a

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Andrew M K Law Tumour Development Group, The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
Cancer Biology Laboratory, The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia

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Elgene Lim Connie Johnson Breast Cancer Research Laboratory, The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
St. Vincent’s Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia

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Christopher J Ormandy Cancer Biology Laboratory, The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
St. Vincent’s Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia

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David Gallego-Ortega Tumour Development Group, The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
St. Vincent’s Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia

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of immunotherapies targeting the adaptive immune system, such as checkpoint inhibitors ( Rugo et al . 2015 ). Mechanisms of immunosuppression are essential for the normal functioning of the mammary gland during development ( Clarkson et al . 2004

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Francesca Coperchini Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, Unit of Internal Medicine and Endocrinology, Laboratory for Endocrine Disruptors, Pavia, Italy

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Laura Croce Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, Unit of Internal Medicine and Endocrinology, Laboratory for Endocrine Disruptors, Pavia, Italy
PHD Course in Experimental Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy

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Michele Marinò Endocrinology Unit I, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University Hospital of Pisa, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy

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Luca Chiovato Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, Unit of Internal Medicine and Endocrinology, Laboratory for Endocrine Disruptors, Pavia, Italy
Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy

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Mario Rotondi Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, Unit of Internal Medicine and Endocrinology, Laboratory for Endocrine Disruptors, Pavia, Italy
Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy

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their role for immunotherapy. Chemokine receptors and cancer The effects of chemokines on target cells are mediated by specific receptors ( Rossi & Zlotnik 2000 , Chow & Luster 2014 ), which are responsible for the activation of a cascade of

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Pedro Iglesias Department of Endocrinology, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro Majadahonda, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Puerta de Hierro Segovia de Arana (IDIPHISA), Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain

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Inmaculada Peiró Clinical Nutrition Unit, Catalan Institute of Oncology, L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
Unit of Nutrition and Cancer-IDIBELL, L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain

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Betina Biagetti Department of Endocrinology, Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Barcelona, Spain

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Miguel Paja-Fano Department of Endocrinology, Hospital Universitario de Basurto, Bilbao, Spain

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Diana Ariadel Cobo Department of Endocrinology, Complejo Asistencial Universitario de León, León, Spain

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Carlos García Gómez Department of Endocrinology, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro Majadahonda, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain

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Manuel Mateu-Salat Department of Endocrinology, Hospital Sant Pau, Hospital Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
Department of Medicine/Endocrinology, IIB-Sant Pau, Research Center for Pituitary Diseases, Barcelona, Spain

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Idoia Genua Department of Endocrinology, Hospital Sant Pau, Hospital Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
Department of Medicine/Endocrinology, IIB-Sant Pau, Research Center for Pituitary Diseases, Barcelona, Spain

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Margarita Majem Department of Oncology, Hospital Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain

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Mariona Riudavets Department of Medical Oncology, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France

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Javier Gavira Department of Oncology, Hospital Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain

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Cristina Lamas Department of Endocrinology, Hospital General Universitario de Albacete, Albacete, Spain

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Antía Fernández Pombo Department of Endocrinology, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela, A Coruña, Spain

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Fernando Guerrero-Pérez Department of Endocrinology, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain

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Carles Villabona Department of Endocrinology, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain

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José Manuel Cabezas Agrícola Department of Endocrinology, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela, A Coruña, Spain

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Susan M Webb Department of Endocrinology, Hospital Sant Pau, Hospital Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER, Unidad 747), ISCIII, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain

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Juan J Díez Department of Endocrinology, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro Majadahonda, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Puerta de Hierro Segovia de Arana (IDIPHISA), Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
Department of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain

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Introduction Checkpoint inhibitor immunotherapy has been shown to be an effective therapy in a wide variety of malignant tumors, such as advanced melanoma, renal carcinoma, non-small cell lung cancer, head and neck cancer, urothelial carcinoma

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Mirela Diana Ilie Inserm U1052, CNRS UMR5286, Claude Bernard Lyon 1 University, Cancer Research Center of Lyon, Lyon, France
Endocrinology Department, ‘C.I. Parhon’ National Institute of Endocrinology, Bucharest, Romania

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Alexandre Vasiljevic Inserm U1052, CNRS UMR5286, Claude Bernard Lyon 1 University, Cancer Research Center of Lyon, Lyon, France
Pathology Department, Reference Center for Rare Pituitary Diseases HYPO, ‘Groupement Hospitalier Est’ Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron, France

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Emmanuel Jouanneau Inserm U1052, CNRS UMR5286, Claude Bernard Lyon 1 University, Cancer Research Center of Lyon, Lyon, France
Neurosurgery Department, Reference Center for Rare Pituitary Diseases HYPO, ‘Groupement Hospitalier Est’ Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron, France

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Gérald Raverot Inserm U1052, CNRS UMR5286, Claude Bernard Lyon 1 University, Cancer Research Center of Lyon, Lyon, France
Endocrinology Department, Reference Center for Rare Pituitary Diseases HYPO, ‘Groupement Hospitalier Est’ Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron, France

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). Here, we present an overview of immunotherapy in pituitary carcinomas and aggressive pituitary tumors, starting with the rationale for using this therapeutic option and the implications of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) in anterior pituitary

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J T W Kwon Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK

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R J Bryant Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK

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E E Parkes Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK

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such resistance mechanisms creates an opportunity for the use of immunotherapies in effectively 'switching on' the immune system to recognise and eradicate cancers. There are currently two immunotherapies approved by the US Food and Drug

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Eva Hadadi Myeloid Cell Immunology Lab, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Brussels, Belgium
Lab of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium

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Hervé Acloque INSERM U935, University Paris Saclay, Villejuif, Ile-de-France, France
Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, GABI, Jouy-en-Josas, Ile-de-France, France

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loop maintaining immunosuppression. Finally, it also affects the efficiency of therapy because it is now clear that specific E/M states in cancer cells exhibit different levels of chemo and immunotherapy resistance ( Fig. 4 ). To tone down this dynamic

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