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. Immunotherapy (that involves mobilizing the immune system to attack tumor cells) has been gaining momentum as an exciting new treatment option. The first FDA-approved immunotherapy for prostate cancer, sipuleucel-T (sip-T), has highlighted the potential use of
National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
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National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
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National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
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National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
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side effects and may even cause late recurrence. In this scenario, cancer immunotherapies with higher efficacy and more targeted capability have positioned themselves as promising methods to win combat against BC ( Zeng et al. 2021 ). Immunotherapies
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this end, cutting-edge immunotherapies show promise for providing oncologists with a novel array of therapeutic tools in the near future ( Couzin-Frankel 2013 ). However, nuances will need to be taken into consideration when applying these in the
Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, NUS Immunology Programme, Centre for Life Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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Introduction Recent advances in immunotherapy have presented opportunities to eliminate cancers that were not achieved with previous standard of care therapies ( Delitto et al . 2016 ). Immune checkpoint inhibitor treatment has shown to be a
Cancer Biology Laboratory, The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
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St. Vincent’s Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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St. Vincent’s Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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St. Vincent’s Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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of immunotherapies targeting the adaptive immune system, such as checkpoint inhibitors ( Rugo et al . 2015 ). Mechanisms of immunosuppression are essential for the normal functioning of the mammary gland during development ( Clarkson et al . 2004
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PHD Course in Experimental Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
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Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
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Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
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their role for immunotherapy. Chemokine receptors and cancer The effects of chemokines on target cells are mediated by specific receptors ( Rossi & Zlotnik 2000 , Chow & Luster 2014 ), which are responsible for the activation of a cascade of
Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Puerta de Hierro Segovia de Arana (IDIPHISA), Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
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Unit of Nutrition and Cancer-IDIBELL, L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
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Department of Medicine/Endocrinology, IIB-Sant Pau, Research Center for Pituitary Diseases, Barcelona, Spain
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Department of Medicine/Endocrinology, IIB-Sant Pau, Research Center for Pituitary Diseases, Barcelona, Spain
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Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER, Unidad 747), ISCIII, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Puerta de Hierro Segovia de Arana (IDIPHISA), Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
Department of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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Introduction Checkpoint inhibitor immunotherapy has been shown to be an effective therapy in a wide variety of malignant tumors, such as advanced melanoma, renal carcinoma, non-small cell lung cancer, head and neck cancer, urothelial carcinoma
Endocrinology Department, ‘C.I. Parhon’ National Institute of Endocrinology, Bucharest, Romania
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Pathology Department, Reference Center for Rare Pituitary Diseases HYPO, ‘Groupement Hospitalier Est’ Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron, France
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Neurosurgery Department, Reference Center for Rare Pituitary Diseases HYPO, ‘Groupement Hospitalier Est’ Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron, France
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Endocrinology Department, Reference Center for Rare Pituitary Diseases HYPO, ‘Groupement Hospitalier Est’ Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron, France
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). Here, we present an overview of immunotherapy in pituitary carcinomas and aggressive pituitary tumors, starting with the rationale for using this therapeutic option and the implications of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) in anterior pituitary
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Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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such resistance mechanisms creates an opportunity for the use of immunotherapies in effectively 'switching on' the immune system to recognise and eradicate cancers. There are currently two immunotherapies approved by the US Food and Drug
Lab of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
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Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, GABI, Jouy-en-Josas, Ile-de-France, France
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loop maintaining immunosuppression. Finally, it also affects the efficiency of therapy because it is now clear that specific E/M states in cancer cells exhibit different levels of chemo and immunotherapy resistance ( Fig. 4 ). To tone down this dynamic