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Atsuko Kasajima Department of Pathology, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
Department of Pathology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan

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Yuichi Ishikawa Pathology Department, The Cancer Institute Hospital of JFCR, Tokyo, Japan

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Ayaka Iwata Department of Pathology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan

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Katja Steiger Department of Pathology, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany

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Naomi Oka Department of Pathology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
National Hospital Organization, Sendai Medical Center, Sendai, Japan

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Hirotaka Ishida Department of Pathology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan

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Akira Sakurada Department of Thoracic Surgery, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan

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Hiroyoshi Suzuki National Hospital Organization, Sendai Medical Center, Sendai, Japan

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Toru Kameya Division of Pathology, Shizuoka Cancer Center Hospital and Research Institute, Sizuoka, Japan

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Björn Konukiewitz Department of Pathology, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany

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Günter Klöppel Department of Pathology, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany

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Yoshinori Okada Department of Thoracic Surgery, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan

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Hironobu Sasano Department of Pathology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan

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Wilko Weichert Department of Pathology, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
Member of the German Cancer Consortium (DKTK)

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(%) SCLC N (%) P value N (%) 242 (100) 39 (16) 18 (7) 58 (24) 127 (52) Tumor-associated inflammation  Negative 201 (83) 38 (97) 15 (83) NS 46 (79) 102(80) NS  Positive 41 (17) 1

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Xiong Wang Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
Department of Pharmacy, Tongren hospital affiliated to Wuhan University (the third hospital of Wuhan), Wuhan, China

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Li Ma Department of Pharmacy, Tongren hospital affiliated to Wuhan University (the third hospital of Wuhan), Wuhan, China

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Qiao-yan Ding Department of Pharmacy, Tongren hospital affiliated to Wuhan University (the third hospital of Wuhan), Wuhan, China

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Wen-yu Zhang College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA

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Yong-gang Chen Department of Pharmacy, Tongren hospital affiliated to Wuhan University (the third hospital of Wuhan), Wuhan, China

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Jin-hu Wu Department of Pharmacy, Tongren hospital affiliated to Wuhan University (the third hospital of Wuhan), Wuhan, China

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Hong-feng Zhang Department of Pathology, the central hospital of Wuhan, Tongji medical college, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China

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Xiu-li Guo Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China

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assembly and activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome lead to the maturation and secretion of inflammatory cytokines interleukin 1B (IL1B) and IL18, which are involved in inflammation response ( Schroder & Tschopp2010 ). The activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome

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Rosalinda M Savoy Departments of Urology, Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, VA Northern California Health Care System, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
Departments of Urology, Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, VA Northern California Health Care System, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California, USA

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Paramita M Ghosh Departments of Urology, Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, VA Northern California Health Care System, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
Departments of Urology, Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, VA Northern California Health Care System, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
Departments of Urology, Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, VA Northern California Health Care System, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California, USA

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Prostatitis, or inflammation of the prostate, may occur in men as young as 40, or even younger, while prostate cancer and benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH, or enlargement of the prostate) are most often diagnosed in men above 50. While prostatitis

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Tim Schauer Centre for Physical Activity Research, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Anne-Sophie Mazzoni Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden

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Anna Henriksson Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden

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Ingrid Demmelmaier Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
Department of Sport Science and Physical Education, University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway

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Sveinung Berntsen Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
Department of Sport Science and Physical Education, University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway

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Truls Raastad Department of Sport Science and Physical Education, University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway
Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway

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Karin Nordin Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden

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Bente K Pedersen Centre for Physical Activity Research, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Jesper F Christensen Centre for Physical Activity Research, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Introduction Inflammation comprises a host-mediated defense against external or internal stimuli, which is vital to heal tissue injury and combat pathogenic influence during health and disease. Inflammatory processes are subject to tight

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Cameron M Armstrong Departments of Nutrition and Food Science, Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, 122 Kleberg Building, 2253 TAMU, College Station, Texas 77843, USA

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Autumn R Billimek Departments of Nutrition and Food Science, Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, 122 Kleberg Building, 2253 TAMU, College Station, Texas 77843, USA

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Kimberly F Allred Departments of Nutrition and Food Science, Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, 122 Kleberg Building, 2253 TAMU, College Station, Texas 77843, USA

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Joseph M Sturino Departments of Nutrition and Food Science, Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, 122 Kleberg Building, 2253 TAMU, College Station, Texas 77843, USA

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Brad R Weeks Departments of Nutrition and Food Science, Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, 122 Kleberg Building, 2253 TAMU, College Station, Texas 77843, USA

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Clinton D Allred Departments of Nutrition and Food Science, Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, 122 Kleberg Building, 2253 TAMU, College Station, Texas 77843, USA

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risk of developing inflammation-associated colon cancer may be influenced by E 2 . Epidemiological studies have demonstrated that women have a lower risk of developing this disease when compared with men, which may be due to the presence of estrogens

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W Nathaniel Brennen Chemical Therapeutics Program, The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, 1650 Orleans Street, CRB-I, Room 1M44, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, USA

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Samuel R Denmeade Chemical Therapeutics Program, The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, 1650 Orleans Street, CRB-I, Room 1M44, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, USA

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John T Isaacs Chemical Therapeutics Program, The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, 1650 Orleans Street, CRB-I, Room 1M44, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, USA

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each subsequent decade of life ( Delongchamps et al . 2006 ). The etiology of BPH and prostate cancer is unclear; however, chronic inflammation has been suggested as a contributing factor in both ( Nelson et al . 2003 , De Marzo et al . 2007

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Holger H H Erb Division of Experimental Urology, Department of Pathology, Oncology Biomarkers, Oncotyrol, Oncology Biomarkers, Department of Urology

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Regina V Langlechner Division of Experimental Urology, Department of Pathology, Oncology Biomarkers, Oncotyrol, Oncology Biomarkers, Department of Urology

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Patrizia L Moser Division of Experimental Urology, Department of Pathology, Oncology Biomarkers, Oncotyrol, Oncology Biomarkers, Department of Urology

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Florian Handle Division of Experimental Urology, Department of Pathology, Oncology Biomarkers, Oncotyrol, Oncology Biomarkers, Department of Urology

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Tineke Casneuf Division of Experimental Urology, Department of Pathology, Oncology Biomarkers, Oncotyrol, Oncology Biomarkers, Department of Urology

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Karin Verstraeten Division of Experimental Urology, Department of Pathology, Oncology Biomarkers, Oncotyrol, Oncology Biomarkers, Department of Urology

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Bettina Schlick Division of Experimental Urology, Department of Pathology, Oncology Biomarkers, Oncotyrol, Oncology Biomarkers, Department of Urology

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Georg Schäfer Division of Experimental Urology, Department of Pathology, Oncology Biomarkers, Oncotyrol, Oncology Biomarkers, Department of Urology

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Brett Hall Division of Experimental Urology, Department of Pathology, Oncology Biomarkers, Oncotyrol, Oncology Biomarkers, Department of Urology

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Kate Sasser Division of Experimental Urology, Department of Pathology, Oncology Biomarkers, Oncotyrol, Oncology Biomarkers, Department of Urology

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Zoran Culig Division of Experimental Urology, Department of Pathology, Oncology Biomarkers, Oncotyrol, Oncology Biomarkers, Department of Urology

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Frédéric R Santer Division of Experimental Urology, Department of Pathology, Oncology Biomarkers, Oncotyrol, Oncology Biomarkers, Department of Urology

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prostate gland, thus leading to T-cell-mediated inflammation ( Mercader et al . 2001 ). Inflammation processes are regulated by a network of cytokines that plays an important role in the interaction between cancer cells and the microenvironment. The pro

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María Gutiérrez-Salmerón Area of Physiology, Area of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University Rey Juan Carlos, Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain

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Silvia Rocío Lucena Area of Physiology, Area of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University Rey Juan Carlos, Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain

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Ana Chocarro-Calvo Area of Physiology, Area of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University Rey Juan Carlos, Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain

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José Manuel García-Martínez Area of Physiology, Area of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University Rey Juan Carlos, Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain

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Rosa M Martín Orozco Area of Physiology, Area of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University Rey Juan Carlos, Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain

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Custodia García-Jiménez Area of Physiology, Area of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University Rey Juan Carlos, Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain

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potential impact for CRC of T2D-linked immune and microbiome alterations. T2D is characterized by chronic diffuse low-grade inflammation. This could be imposed by stressed white adipose tissue (WAT) orchestrated, local and systemic changes in innate and

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Jill I Murray Deeley Research Centre, Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics and the Manitoba Institute of Cell Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, British Columbia Cancer Agency, 2410 Lee Avenue, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada V8R 6V5

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Nathan R West Deeley Research Centre, Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics and the Manitoba Institute of Cell Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, British Columbia Cancer Agency, 2410 Lee Avenue, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada V8R 6V5

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Leigh C Murphy Deeley Research Centre, Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics and the Manitoba Institute of Cell Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, British Columbia Cancer Agency, 2410 Lee Avenue, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada V8R 6V5

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Peter H Watson Deeley Research Centre, Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics and the Manitoba Institute of Cell Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, British Columbia Cancer Agency, 2410 Lee Avenue, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada V8R 6V5
Deeley Research Centre, Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics and the Manitoba Institute of Cell Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, British Columbia Cancer Agency, 2410 Lee Avenue, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada V8R 6V5
Deeley Research Centre, Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics and the Manitoba Institute of Cell Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, British Columbia Cancer Agency, 2410 Lee Avenue, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada V8R 6V5

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Introduction The association between inflammation and cancer has long been established. Inflammatory cells are commonly found in tumour tissues and chronic inflammation is associated with many cancers, including breast cancer, and is capable of

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Alessandra Mangone Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK

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Barbara Altieri Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany

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Mario Detomas Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany

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Alessandro Prete Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, UK
Department of Endocrinology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK

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Haider Abbas Oncology Department, Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK

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Miriam Asia Department of Endocrinology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK

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Yasir S Elhassan Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, UK
Department of Endocrinology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK

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Giovanna Mantovani Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
Endocrinology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy

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Cristina L Ronchi Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, UK
Department of Endocrinology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK

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personalized approach, aiming to prioritize the quality of life of affected individuals ( Steenaard et al. 2019 ). The role of chronic inflammation in the development and progression of multiple cancers is a topic of increasing interest ( Coussens & Werb

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