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Christopher A Galifi Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, & Neuroscience, Center for Cell Signaling and Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, Newark, New Jersey, United States

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Teresa L Wood Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, & Neuroscience, Center for Cell Signaling and Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, Newark, New Jersey, United States

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1991 ). However, one growth factor receptor, insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF1R), has a convoluted history as a target for cancer therapy. Previously, IGF1R was considered a promising candidate for drug targeting due to its frequent

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Aleksandra M Ochnik Kolling Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, New South Wales, Australia

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Robert C Baxter Kolling Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, New South Wales, Australia

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other FDA-approved therapies. Table 1 IGF1R-directed therapy clinical trials/studies for breast cancer and solid tumors. Phase 1, 2 and 3 clinical trials/studies using insulin-like growth factor receptor (IGF1R)-directed therapies either as single

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Gail E de Blaquière The Medical School, Northern Institute for Cancer Research, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK

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Felicity E B May The Medical School, Northern Institute for Cancer Research, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK

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Bruce R Westley The Medical School, Northern Institute for Cancer Research, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK

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Introduction The insulin-like growth factor (IGF) system comprises two ligands (IGF-1 and IGF-2) as well as the closely related hormone insulin, six binding proteins (IGFBP1-6), three receptors (type I and type II IGF and the insulin receptors) and

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Reetobrata Basu Edison Biotechnology Institute, Athens, Ohio, USA

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John J Kopchick Edison Biotechnology Institute, Athens, Ohio, USA
Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA

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growth hormone (GH) and the insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) axis. Massive amount of research over the last 70 years have established that GH and IGF1 have both overlapping and mutually exclusive roles in driving multiple aspects of cancer initiation

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Callum Livingstone Peptide Hormones Supraregional Assay Service (SAS), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Clinical Biochemistry Department, Royal Surrey County Hospital NHS Trust, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7XX, UK
Peptide Hormones Supraregional Assay Service (SAS), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Clinical Biochemistry Department, Royal Surrey County Hospital NHS Trust, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7XX, UK

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( Rinderknecht & Humbel 1976 ). These were named insulin-like growth factor (IGF) 1 and 2 because of their homology with insulin and similar metabolic actions. Our understanding of the pathophysiology of IGF2 lags behind that of IGF1, but there have been

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Mieke E R Henfling Department of Molecular Cell Biology, GROW-School for Oncology & Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands

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Aurel A Perren Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland

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Anja M Schmitt Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland

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Christiane M Saddig Insulinoma and GEP-Tumor Center Neuss-Düsseldorf, Klinik für Endokrine Chirurgie, Lukaskrankenhaus Neuss, Germany

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Achim A Starke Insulinoma and GEP-Tumor Center Neuss-Düsseldorf, Klinik für Endokrine Chirurgie, Lukaskrankenhaus Neuss, Germany

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Robert G Riedl Department of Pathology, GROW-School for Oncology & Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands

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Yvonne M H Versleijen-Jonkers Department of Medical Oncology, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands

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Diana M Sprij-Mooij Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands

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Frans C S Ramaekers Department of Molecular Cell Biology, GROW-School for Oncology & Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands

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Leo J Hofland Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands

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Ernst-Jan M Speel Department of Pathology, GROW-School for Oncology & Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands

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factor receptor (EGFR) and the insulin-like growth factor (IGF) signaling system, which play a pivotal role in cancer development and progression. EGFR activation promotes cell proliferation via MAPK and PI3K signaling routes, and indications for a role

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Praful Ravi Lank Center for Genitourinary Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

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Victoria Wang Department of Data Science, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

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Raina N Fichorova Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, Brigham & Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

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Bradley McGregor Lank Center for Genitourinary Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

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Xiao X Wei Lank Center for Genitourinary Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

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Shehzad Basaria Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham & Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

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Christopher J Sweeney South Australian Immunogenomics Cancer Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia

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patients. There is a large body of evidence suggesting that the growth hormone–insulin-like growth factor 1 (GH–IGF-1) axis is involved in the development of a variety of solid cancers, including PCa ( Pollak 2012 ). Preclinical data has shown that IGF-1

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Sefirin Djiogue Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, Biomedical Research Center, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Laboratory of Cytometry, Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Optometry, University of Yaoundé 1, PO Box 812, Yaoundé, Cameroon

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Armel Hervé Nwabo Kamdje Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, Biomedical Research Center, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Laboratory of Cytometry, Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Optometry, University of Yaoundé 1, PO Box 812, Yaoundé, Cameroon
Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, Biomedical Research Center, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Laboratory of Cytometry, Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Optometry, University of Yaoundé 1, PO Box 812, Yaoundé, Cameroon

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Lorella Vecchio Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, Biomedical Research Center, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Laboratory of Cytometry, Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Optometry, University of Yaoundé 1, PO Box 812, Yaoundé, Cameroon

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Maulilio John Kipanyula Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, Biomedical Research Center, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Laboratory of Cytometry, Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Optometry, University of Yaoundé 1, PO Box 812, Yaoundé, Cameroon

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Mohammed Farahna Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, Biomedical Research Center, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Laboratory of Cytometry, Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Optometry, University of Yaoundé 1, PO Box 812, Yaoundé, Cameroon

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Yousef Aldebasi Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, Biomedical Research Center, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Laboratory of Cytometry, Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Optometry, University of Yaoundé 1, PO Box 812, Yaoundé, Cameroon

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Paul Faustin Seke Etet Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, Biomedical Research Center, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Laboratory of Cytometry, Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Optometry, University of Yaoundé 1, PO Box 812, Yaoundé, Cameroon

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epidermal growth factor . Cancer Research 54 5474 – 5478 . Darago A Sapota A Matych J Nasiadek M Skrzypinska-Gawrysiak M Kilanowicz A 2011 The correlation between zinc and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), its binding protein (IGFBP

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Eva S Schernhammer
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Jeff M Holly
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David J Hunter
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Michael N Pollak
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Susan E Hankinson
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Introduction Insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) is a peptide hormone that, with IGF-II, IGF binding proteins (IGFBPs), and cell-surface receptors, is integral to the regulation of cell survival and death. IGF-I appears to be

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Lena Lapkina-Gendler Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel

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Itai Rotem Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel

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Metsada Pasmanik-Chor Bioinformatics Unit, George Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel

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David Gurwitz Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
Yoran Institute for Human Genome Research, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel

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Rive Sarfstein Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel

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Zvi Laron Endocrine and Diabetes Research Unit, Schneider Children’s Medical Center, Petah Tikva, Israel

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Haim Werner Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
Yoran Institute for Human Genome Research, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel

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Introduction The growth hormone (GH)–insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF1) axis has a fundamental role in growth and development throughout life ( Rosenfeld 2005 ). As originally postulated by Salmon et al . in the mid-1950s, anabolic actions

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