phaeochromocytomas and abdominal paragangliomas are benign; malignant phaeochromocytomas have been regarded as nearly 10% of all phaeochromocytomas and 15–35% of abdominal paragangliomas or even higher if related to succinate dehydrogenase B ( SDHB ) gene mutations
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Alexandra Chrisoulidou, Gregory Kaltsas, Ioannis Ilias, and Ashley B Grossman
Kimberly Perez, Heather Jacene, Jason L Hornick, Chao Ma, Nuno Vaz, Lauren K Brais, Holly Alexander, William Baddoo, Kristina Astone, Edward D Esplin, John Garcia, Daniel M Halperin, Matthew H Kulke, and Jennifer A Chan
Kalmadi SR Gill I 2009 Clinical utility of temozolomide in the treatment of malignant paraganglioma: a preliminary report . Hormone and Metabolic Research 41 703 – 706 . ( https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0029-1224135 ) 10.1055/s-0029-1224135 Brouwers FM
Esther Korpershoek, Claudia K Stobbe, Francien H van Nederveen, Ronald R de Krijger, and Winand N M Dinjens
8.7 cm (range 0.7–15 cm) for the malignant series. Patient characteristics and clinical data are summarized in Table 1 . Table 1 Clinical data of pheochromocytoma and extra-adrenal sympathetic paraganglioma patients Patient Gender Age (years) Other
Johanna Sandgren, Teresita Diaz de Ståhl, Robin Andersson, Uwe Menzel, Arkadiusz Piotrowski, Helena Nord, Martin Bäckdahl, Nimrod B Kiss, Michael Brauckhoff, Jan Komorowski, Henning Dralle, Ola Hessman, Catharina Larsson, Göran Åkerström, Carl Bruder, Jan P Dumanski, and Gunnar Westin
malignant pheochromocytomas have been reported to comprise up to 10% of all cases ( Bravo & Tagle 2003 , Elder et al . 2005 , Karagiannis et al . 2007 ). Malignant tumours occur, however, more frequently among abdominal paragangliomas, representing ∼20
N B Kiss, J Geli, F Lundberg, C Avci, D Velazquez-Fernandez, J Hashemi, G Weber, A Höög, T J Ekström, M Bäckdahl, and C Larsson
included in the present study, which is focused on catecholamine-secreting tumors of the abdomen (in the following referred to as ‘pheochromocytomas’ and ‘paragangliomas’). These tumors are morphologically and functionally similar, although malignant
P N Span, J U Rao, S B J Oude Ophuis, J W M Lenders, F C G J Sweep, P Wesseling, B Kusters, F H van Nederveen, R R de Krijger, A R M M Hermus, and H J L M Timmers
malignant sympathoadrenal paragangliomas: clinicopathologic study of 120 cases including unusual histologic features . Human Pathology 21 1168 – 1180 doi:10.1016/0046-8177(90)90155-X . Makalowska I Lin CF Makalowski W 2005 Overlapping genes in
R Vassilopoulou-Sellin
Background: Tumors of the paraganglionic system represent a distinct, albeit uncommon, clinical entity characterized by catecholamine hypersecretion and hemodynamic instability; initial pathologic examination often cannot predict benign vs malignant behavior. An analysis of the clinical outcome of patients with known malignant tumors may serve to enhance the initial evaluation and therapeutic plan of all patients presenting with pheochromocytoma or paraganglioma.
Methods: At the University of Texas M D Anderson Cancer Center, 30 patients with malignant abdominal paraganglioma and 20 patients with malignant pheochromocytoma were diagnosed between 1971 and 1995. Their medical records were reviewed with particular attention to clinical characteristics and disease outcome.
Results: Among the 30 patients with paraganglioma, 73% were men, and 90% were younger than 50 years at the time of diagnosis. Sixteen patients have remained alive with persistent disease 0.2 to 25 years after initial diagnosis while eight patients died of their disease within 0.8 to 32 years. Regional recurrence and skeletal metastases were the most prominent events. Among the 20 patients with pheochromocytoma, 60% were men and 70% were younger than 50 years at the time of diagnosis. Ten patients have remained alive with persistent disease 0.8 to 20 years after initial diagnosis while five patients died of their disease within 1.5 to 39 years. Hypertension was a prominent presenting feature and regional recurrence was the most frequent pattern of treatment failure.
Conclusions: Important clinical differences distinguish adrenal pheochromocytomas from extra-adrenal, abdominal paragangliomas. Patients with paragangliomas are, as a group, younger men, more likely to have malignant lesions and a more aggressive clinical course. Patients with malignant pheochromocytomas usually present with hypertension, are somewhat older, and have less aggressive disease.
Acknowledgemnts
We thank the staff of the Department of Medical Informatics for database retrieval and the clinical faculty who participated in the patients' care. We thank Teo Spear for expert preparation of the manuscript. We thank Terry Smith, biostatistician, for her critical review and suggestions.
WenQi Yuan, WeiQinq Wang, Bin Cui, TingWei Su, Yan Ge, Lei Jiang, WeiWei Zhou, and Guang Ning
malignant disease, 7 were paragangliomas of the abdomen, and the rest of the 27 patients were with benign pheochromocytomas. All of the patients were operated in between 2002 and 2006 and clinically monitored at the Shanghai Clinical Center for Endocrine and
Birke Bausch, Ulrich Wellner, Dirk Bausch, Francesca Schiavi, Marta Barontini, Gabriela Sanso, Martin K Walz, Mariola Peczkowska, Georges Weryha, Patrizia Dall'Igna, Giovanni Cecchetto, Gianni Bisogno, Lars C Moeller, Detlef Bockenhauer, Attila Patocs, Karoly Rácz, Dmitry Zabolotnyi, Svetlana Yaremchuk, Iveta Dzivite-Krisane, Frederic Castinetti, David Taieb, Angelica Malinoc, Ernst von Dobschuetz, Jochen Roessler, Kurt W Schmid, Giuseppe Opocher, Charis Eng, and Hartmut P H Neumann
patients vs others (sporadic, VHL and SDHB ). ∥ P <0.001 refers to the high prevalence of head and neck paraganglioma (HNPs) in SDHD patients vs others (sporadic, VHL and SDHB ). ¶ P =0.005 refers to the high prevalence of malignant
Henri J L M Timmers, Anne-Paule Gimenez-Roqueplo, Massimo Mannelli, and Karel Pacak
Succinate dehydrogenase B gene mutations predict survival in patients with malignant pheochromocytomas or paragangliomas . Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 92 3822 – 3828 . Astrom K Cohen JE Willett-Brozick JE Aston CE Baysal