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Introduction Breast cancer is the most common type of invasive cancer among pregnant women ( Smith et al. 2003 ) and has been reported to affect 1 in 3000 to 10,000 pregnancies ( Antonelli et al. 1996 , Loibl et al. 2006 ). The average
Division of Cancer Epidemiology, Department of Medical Biosciences, Unit of Sexual and Reproductive Health, Departments of Population Health and Environmental Medicine, New York University Cancer Institute, Finnish Cancer Registry, School of Health Sciences, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, Public Health and Clinical Medicine: Nutritional Research, German Cancer Research Center, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
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Division of Cancer Epidemiology, Department of Medical Biosciences, Unit of Sexual and Reproductive Health, Departments of Population Health and Environmental Medicine, New York University Cancer Institute, Finnish Cancer Registry, School of Health Sciences, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, Public Health and Clinical Medicine: Nutritional Research, German Cancer Research Center, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
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Division of Cancer Epidemiology, Department of Medical Biosciences, Unit of Sexual and Reproductive Health, Departments of Population Health and Environmental Medicine, New York University Cancer Institute, Finnish Cancer Registry, School of Health Sciences, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, Public Health and Clinical Medicine: Nutritional Research, German Cancer Research Center, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
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Division of Cancer Epidemiology, Department of Medical Biosciences, Unit of Sexual and Reproductive Health, Departments of Population Health and Environmental Medicine, New York University Cancer Institute, Finnish Cancer Registry, School of Health Sciences, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, Public Health and Clinical Medicine: Nutritional Research, German Cancer Research Center, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
Division of Cancer Epidemiology, Department of Medical Biosciences, Unit of Sexual and Reproductive Health, Departments of Population Health and Environmental Medicine, New York University Cancer Institute, Finnish Cancer Registry, School of Health Sciences, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, Public Health and Clinical Medicine: Nutritional Research, German Cancer Research Center, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
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Division of Cancer Epidemiology, Department of Medical Biosciences, Unit of Sexual and Reproductive Health, Departments of Population Health and Environmental Medicine, New York University Cancer Institute, Finnish Cancer Registry, School of Health Sciences, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, Public Health and Clinical Medicine: Nutritional Research, German Cancer Research Center, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
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to be involved in the etiology of EOC, as there are well-established associations between reproductive characteristics affecting sex steroid concentrations and EOC. Examples include the protective effect of pregnancy and the use of oral contraceptives
Breast Cancer Translational Research Laboratory (BCTL) J. C. Heuson Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
Fertility and Procreation Unit Department of Gynecologic Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy
Translational Breast Cancer Genomic Lab Cancer Therapeutics Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Breast Cancer Translational Research Laboratory (BCTL) J. C. Heuson Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
Fertility and Procreation Unit Department of Gynecologic Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy
Translational Breast Cancer Genomic Lab Cancer Therapeutics Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Breast Cancer Translational Research Laboratory (BCTL) J. C. Heuson Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
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Translational Breast Cancer Genomic Lab Cancer Therapeutics Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Breast Cancer Translational Research Laboratory (BCTL) J. C. Heuson Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
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Translational Breast Cancer Genomic Lab Cancer Therapeutics Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Breast Cancer Translational Research Laboratory (BCTL) J. C. Heuson Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
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Breast Cancer Translational Research Laboratory (BCTL) J. C. Heuson Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
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Breast Cancer Translational Research Laboratory (BCTL) J. C. Heuson Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
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Breast Cancer Translational Research Laboratory (BCTL) J. C. Heuson Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
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Breast Cancer Translational Research Laboratory (BCTL) J. C. Heuson Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
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Breast Cancer Translational Research Laboratory (BCTL) J. C. Heuson Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
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unique situations that young women with breast cancer may face is pregnancy. The fact that breast cancer is a hormonally driven tumor, and given the considerable structural changes that occur in the breast during pregnancy, raises concerns on the
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stages of susceptibility that this gland undergoes during a woman’s life ( Terry et al. 2019 ). Pregnancy and lactation are two windows of susceptibility where MG is subjected to major morphological compartment rearrangements to perform its
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-term pregnancy/birth (FFTB) before 20 years of age have a 50% reduced lifetime risk of developing breast cancer when compared with nulliparous women ( MacMahon et al . 1970 ), whereas first full-term births over 35 years of age lead to an increased risk of
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Introduction The physiology of twin and singleton pregnancies differ, as characterized by higher levels of estradiol and testosterone during twin pregnancy, and higher concentrations of follicle-stimulating hormone and sex hormone
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menopause, parity, and late age of first pregnancy are each independent risk factors. It has been estimated that breast cancer risk is reduced 10–20% for each year of delay in the onset of menarche ( Henderson et al. 1991 , Harris et al. 1992 ). It is
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et al . 1993 ). Maternal exposures to endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) and certain dietary factors during pregnancy have been reported to be associated with increased mammary tumorigenesis among female offspring ( Prentice et al . 2006
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Unité de Pharmacologie, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Laboratoire d'Oncobiologie, Department of Pathology, Department of Endocrinology, Department of Endocrinology, Faculté de Médecine Paris-Ile de France Ouest, INSERM, Département d'Endocrinologie Métabolisme and Cancer, CNRS, Faculté de Médecine René Descartes, Institut Curie, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75005 Paris, France
Unité de Pharmacologie, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Laboratoire d'Oncobiologie, Department of Pathology, Department of Endocrinology, Department of Endocrinology, Faculté de Médecine Paris-Ile de France Ouest, INSERM, Département d'Endocrinologie Métabolisme and Cancer, CNRS, Faculté de Médecine René Descartes, Institut Curie, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75005 Paris, France
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Unité de Pharmacologie, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Laboratoire d'Oncobiologie, Department of Pathology, Department of Endocrinology, Department of Endocrinology, Faculté de Médecine Paris-Ile de France Ouest, INSERM, Département d'Endocrinologie Métabolisme and Cancer, CNRS, Faculté de Médecine René Descartes, Institut Curie, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75005 Paris, France
Unité de Pharmacologie, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Laboratoire d'Oncobiologie, Department of Pathology, Department of Endocrinology, Department of Endocrinology, Faculté de Médecine Paris-Ile de France Ouest, INSERM, Département d'Endocrinologie Métabolisme and Cancer, CNRS, Faculté de Médecine René Descartes, Institut Curie, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75005 Paris, France
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Unité de Pharmacologie, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Laboratoire d'Oncobiologie, Department of Pathology, Department of Endocrinology, Department of Endocrinology, Faculté de Médecine Paris-Ile de France Ouest, INSERM, Département d'Endocrinologie Métabolisme and Cancer, CNRS, Faculté de Médecine René Descartes, Institut Curie, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75005 Paris, France
Unité de Pharmacologie, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Laboratoire d'Oncobiologie, Department of Pathology, Department of Endocrinology, Department of Endocrinology, Faculté de Médecine Paris-Ile de France Ouest, INSERM, Département d'Endocrinologie Métabolisme and Cancer, CNRS, Faculté de Médecine René Descartes, Institut Curie, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75005 Paris, France
Unité de Pharmacologie, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Laboratoire d'Oncobiologie, Department of Pathology, Department of Endocrinology, Department of Endocrinology, Faculté de Médecine Paris-Ile de France Ouest, INSERM, Département d'Endocrinologie Métabolisme and Cancer, CNRS, Faculté de Médecine René Descartes, Institut Curie, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75005 Paris, France
Unité de Pharmacologie, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Laboratoire d'Oncobiologie, Department of Pathology, Department of Endocrinology, Department of Endocrinology, Faculté de Médecine Paris-Ile de France Ouest, INSERM, Département d'Endocrinologie Métabolisme and Cancer, CNRS, Faculté de Médecine René Descartes, Institut Curie, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75005 Paris, France
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Unité de Pharmacologie, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Laboratoire d'Oncobiologie, Department of Pathology, Department of Endocrinology, Department of Endocrinology, Faculté de Médecine Paris-Ile de France Ouest, INSERM, Département d'Endocrinologie Métabolisme and Cancer, CNRS, Faculté de Médecine René Descartes, Institut Curie, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75005 Paris, France
Unité de Pharmacologie, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Laboratoire d'Oncobiologie, Department of Pathology, Department of Endocrinology, Department of Endocrinology, Faculté de Médecine Paris-Ile de France Ouest, INSERM, Département d'Endocrinologie Métabolisme and Cancer, CNRS, Faculté de Médecine René Descartes, Institut Curie, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75005 Paris, France
Unité de Pharmacologie, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Laboratoire d'Oncobiologie, Department of Pathology, Department of Endocrinology, Department of Endocrinology, Faculté de Médecine Paris-Ile de France Ouest, INSERM, Département d'Endocrinologie Métabolisme and Cancer, CNRS, Faculté de Médecine René Descartes, Institut Curie, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75005 Paris, France
Unité de Pharmacologie, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Laboratoire d'Oncobiologie, Department of Pathology, Department of Endocrinology, Department of Endocrinology, Faculté de Médecine Paris-Ile de France Ouest, INSERM, Département d'Endocrinologie Métabolisme and Cancer, CNRS, Faculté de Médecine René Descartes, Institut Curie, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75005 Paris, France
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Unité de Pharmacologie, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Laboratoire d'Oncobiologie, Department of Pathology, Department of Endocrinology, Department of Endocrinology, Faculté de Médecine Paris-Ile de France Ouest, INSERM, Département d'Endocrinologie Métabolisme and Cancer, CNRS, Faculté de Médecine René Descartes, Institut Curie, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75005 Paris, France
Unité de Pharmacologie, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Laboratoire d'Oncobiologie, Department of Pathology, Department of Endocrinology, Department of Endocrinology, Faculté de Médecine Paris-Ile de France Ouest, INSERM, Département d'Endocrinologie Métabolisme and Cancer, CNRS, Faculté de Médecine René Descartes, Institut Curie, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75005 Paris, France
Unité de Pharmacologie, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Laboratoire d'Oncobiologie, Department of Pathology, Department of Endocrinology, Department of Endocrinology, Faculté de Médecine Paris-Ile de France Ouest, INSERM, Département d'Endocrinologie Métabolisme and Cancer, CNRS, Faculté de Médecine René Descartes, Institut Curie, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75005 Paris, France
Unité de Pharmacologie, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Laboratoire d'Oncobiologie, Department of Pathology, Department of Endocrinology, Department of Endocrinology, Faculté de Médecine Paris-Ile de France Ouest, INSERM, Département d'Endocrinologie Métabolisme and Cancer, CNRS, Faculté de Médecine René Descartes, Institut Curie, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75005 Paris, France
Unité de Pharmacologie, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Laboratoire d'Oncobiologie, Department of Pathology, Department of Endocrinology, Department of Endocrinology, Faculté de Médecine Paris-Ile de France Ouest, INSERM, Département d'Endocrinologie Métabolisme and Cancer, CNRS, Faculté de Médecine René Descartes, Institut Curie, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75005 Paris, France
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than men ( Luton et al . 1990 ). The prevalence of adrenocortical tumors is particularly high during pregnancy, accounting for 70% of all cases of Cushing's syndrome (CS) diagnosed in pregnant women ( Guilhaume et al . 1992 , Lindsay & Nieman 2006
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pregnancy, lactation and involution, accompanied by dynamic changes in proliferation, differentiation, cell death and tissue remodeling, suggested that there exists a renewable stem or progenitor cell population underlying these processes. It was not until